mam exam 2

Centers of diversity

areas with high amount of biodiversity compared to areas without

Transitional areas

overlap zone between areas

Broad

Central America/Mexico separates Nearctic

from Neotropical

Distinct

Wallace's Line in Malay archipelago

nearctic vs neotropical

nea- 37 fmilies, 2 are endemic (antilocapridae aka and apiodentidae aka )

neo- 50 families with 19 endemic

nunataks

habitat surrounded by ice and can only support small species ex: weasels

pleistocene

many periods of an ice age

refugia

Locations in which species have persisted while becoming extinct elsewhere. becomes stable when the environment changes

vicariance

isolation of mammal population by physical barrier

abiotic processes

nonliving

how dispersal happens between continents/regions

corridor- dispersal pathway between 2 locations

filter routes- allow dispersal by some but not all

bering land bridge- drop in water level

2 ways of species dispersal

passive- ride there ex:

active- tun, walk, hop, etc. there

biotic process

living

adaptive radiation

sudden expansion of range and evolution/speciation

Case study: great american interchange

north and south america were seperated fro 80+ million years then they connected via isthmus of panama. Opossum made it going north while rabbits were able to move South

biogeographical rules

1- island rule: small mammals have large body size on an island and large mammals have small body size on an island

2- Bergmanns rule: increase body size with increase in latitude within a species

3- Latitude gradients: species divergency decreases with an increase in latitude

4- Peninsula effect: diversity decreases as reach terminus of peninsula

integument

skin that seperates internal homeostasis from external forces regulating temperature, water conserving and having hair for insullation

skin 3 layers

epidermis- top thin layer

dermis- thick middle layer

hypodermis- lowest fat layer

3 epidermal layers

1- stratum basale- makes cells and inner most layer

2- stratum granulosm- makes keratin and mid layer

3- stratum corneum- replace continually and outermost layer

melanophores vs melanins

phores- between dermis and epidermis

mel- absorbs uv

dermis

thick tissue, blood vessels, nerves

arrector pill

smooth muscle contracts to cause hair to stand

hypodermis

fat tissue and adipose is white fat

3 layers of hair

medulla- center shaft, cells/air

cortex- tight packed cells

cuticle- thin scale like layer

angora hair vs definitive hair

a- keeps growing ex: humans

d- fixed length then shed ex: dogs

2 functional types of hair

vibrissae and pelage

pelage 2 types

guard hair- protection

underfur- insulation

hair color has 2 melanins

pheomelanin- reds and yellows

eumelanin- blacks and browns

albinism vs melanism

a- melanin blocked so they white

m- high levels of melanin

glands

derive from epidermis

sebaceous glands

associated with hair that secretes oil sebum which is water proof hair shaft

sweat glands

produce sweat for cooling and to maintain homeostasis

eccrine glands

thin sweat not associated with air that you get at birth

apocrine glands

visous sweat near hair follocles that you get at puberty

sent glands, their function, and what they produce

modify sweat glands, func.- mating territory anti-preditory, produce- pheromones for mating status

mammary glands

special epidermal glands

prolactin

hormone stimulates milk when pregnant

milk contents

has protein, lipds/fats, sugar, water

suckling

causes secreation of oxytocin

oxytocin

stimulates muscles to force milk through ducts

lactation

flow milk from mom to young

keratinized stratum corneum

claw, nail, and hooves

horns

inner core of dermal bone with an outlayer of keratinized sheath. Horns also grow continuensly and are unbranched so they dont shed

antlers

branch bone with velvet which is a thin layer of vascularized skin

quadruped vs biped

q- 4 legs b- 2 legs

plantigrade and its 2 postures

palms contact with substrate and 1- digitgrade: phalanges touch surfaces ex: cat 2- unguligrade: ungulates. hooves ex: horses

all the ways of locomotion (9 ways)

ambulatory- walking

cursorial- running

saltatorial- jumping on all 4s

ricocheting- hindlimbs only

climbing- climbing

brachiation- swing on branches

fossorial- digging

gliding- glide limb to limb not full flight

volant- powerflight/ flying mammals

gait

how you walk

prehensil

hands/feet grip

subteranean

live underground

patagium

skin that extends from neck to wrists/ankles

amphibious

semi-aquatic that have webbed toes and pinnipeds aka flippers ex: frog

the 2 fully aqutic groups have what

2 groups are whales and manatee

vestigial pelvic gridle

horizontal tail fluke

buoyancy

water allows large body for the ability to float

fusiform

f- body shape for hydrodynamic

endothermy requires how much eating

frequent foraging

Insectivorous and what type of teeht do they have/function

insect eating and sharp teeth for piercing, shearing, crushing

aerial insectivores and they use what type on incisors

use echolocation for foraging that use procumbent incisors forward for gripping ex: bats

whats speacial abotu the short-tailed shrew saliva

its venomous

myrmecophagous

ant eaters, they have a sticky salivary gland tounge

moles

acute hearing and touch

eimers organ

tiny tactile, extremely sensitive touch organs found on the nose appendage of the mole

Aye-aye

has an elongated digit to fill in the niche in madagascar by hearing larvae in the wood, incisors excavate. 3rd digit crushes and removes it

3 key muscles

temporals, masseter, pterygoideus

Sanguinivorous

feed on blood ex: vampire bat

baleen

filter feeders ex: whales

piscivorous

fish eaters ex: orcas

Herbivory and what teeth do they mostly have and their function

plant eaters and broad molars that crush side to side

symbiotic cellulolytic enzymes

catabolize cellulose

coprophagy

eating feces ex: rabbits

granivorous

seed eaters ex: rodents

folivory

leaf eaters ex: marsupials like the koala

what is microflora

cellulose

what deos the liver do

detoxifies toxins with glucuronic acid

frugivory

fruit eaters

nectivorous

nectar eaters, bats, honey possums

Omnivorous

eat everything

Hoarding/caching species

autumn squirrels

Optimal Foraging Theory

Views foraging behavior as a compromise between benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining food. its a series of hypotheses

marginal value theorem

an optimal foraging model that predicts how long an individual should exploit a food patch. its a patch model, search patterns

Ideal-free distribution model's 2 assumptions

know prey density or energy available in each patch

free to choose any patch

Give Up Time (GUT) or Give Up Density (GUD)

prey density decreases the threshold to decide when to move to next patch

why move? Prey density too low to meet energy requirements, prey in next patch easier to catch, prey density equal to previous patch

MVT Formula

net energy intake = e from food minus (search, pursuit, handling, eating energy) divided by search, pursuit, handling, eating time. it must be positive value over time

Species richness

diversity of species in a

geographic area

Ecological biogeography

current ranges and

explores why at community level

Disjunct distribution

a gap in the range of related species. marsupials in Australasia

and S. America

Endemism

only occur in 1 location

• Madagascar lemurs

Historical important (2):

phylogeny the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among groups of organisms and

phylogeography the study of how geographic factors influence the spatial distribution of those genetic lineages

Zoogeography

Study of animal distributions both fossil and extant