Muscular System

Muscle strain

A muscle strain is an injury that occurs when muscle fibers are stretched or torn, often resulting from overexertion or sudden movements. Symptoms typically include pain, swelling, and reduced mobility in the affected area.

Muscle sprain

Injury to a ligament caused by overstretching or tearing.

Muscle tear

A muscle tear is an injury characterized by the overstretching or rupture of muscle fibres, often resulting in pain, swelling, and reduced function.

Muscle contusion

A muscle contusion is a bruise that occurs when muscle fibers and connective tissues are compressed against the underlying bone, leading to bleeding and swelling in the affected area.

Muscle cramp

A sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle, often causing pain and discomfort. Muscle cramps can occur during physical activity or at rest.

Muscle spasm

A sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles, often causing pain and temporary disability.

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)

A condition characterized by muscle pain and stiffness that occurs after intense exercise, typically peaking 24 to 72 hours post-activity.

Overuse injury

A type of injury that occurs due to repetitive strain on a muscle or tendon, often resulting in pain and inflammation.

Repetitive strain injury (RSI)

A condition caused by repetitive motions or overexertion that leads to inflammation and pain in muscles, tendons, and nerves.

Pulled muscle

A strain that occurs when muscle fibers are overstretched or torn, often resulting in pain, swelling, and limited mobility.

Muscular dystrophy

A genetic disorder characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles, often due to mutations in genes involved in muscle function.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness due to the absence of dystrophin, a protein crucial for muscle integrity. It primarily affects boys and manifests in early childhood.

Becker muscular dystrophy

A genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. It is similar to Duchenne muscular dystrophy but has a later onset and slower progression.

Myotonic dystrophy

A genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle wasting, weakness, and increased muscle tone. It affects both skeletal and smooth muscles and can also impact the heart and endocrine system.

Congenital myopathy

A group of inherited muscle disorders that are present at birth and result in muscle weakness or poor muscle tone. These conditions vary in severity and symptoms.

Myopathy

A group of diseases that affect the muscles, leading to weakness and degeneration of muscle fibres. Myopathies can be inherited or acquired.

Inflammatory myopathy

A group of diseases characterized by muscle inflammation and weakness, often caused by autoimmune responses.

Polymyositis

A type of inflammatory myopathy characterized by muscle weakness and inflammation, primarily affecting skeletal muscles. It often involves the proximal muscles and can accompany skin rashes.

Dermatomyositis

A rare inflammatory myopathy characterized by muscle weakness and skin rashes, often associated with underlying cancers.

Inclusion body myositis

A chronic inflammatory myopathy characterized by weakness and muscle atrophy, often affecting older adults and associated with the presence of distinctive inclusion bodies in muscle tissue.

Muscle atrophy

A condition characterized by the wasting away or decrease in size of muscle fibers, often resulting from disuse, disease, or injury.

Muscle hypertrophy

An increase in muscle size and strength due to resistance training or exercise, resulting from muscle fiber growth.

Pseudohypertrophy

A condition where muscle appears enlarged due to the replacement of muscle tissue with fat and connective tissue, often seen in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Fibromyalgia

A condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and tenderness in localized areas. It is often accompanied by sleep disturbances, memory issues, and mood changes.

Myalgia

The condition of muscle pain that can be caused by various factors, including injury, overuse, or underlying medical conditions.

Myasthenia gravis

An autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness and rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles, resulting from a breakdown in communication between nerves and muscles.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)

A genetic disorder characterized by the loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.

Peripheral neuropathy

A disorder affecting the peripheral nerves, leading to weakness, numbness, and pain. It can result from various causes, including diabetes and infections.

Lambert-Eaton syndrome

An autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction, characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue. It occurs when the body's immune system attacks the voltage-gated calcium channels, impairing the release of acetylcholine.

Botulism

a rare illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis.

Tetanus

A bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani, leading to muscle stiffness and spasms, particularly in the jaw and neck.

Muscle hypotonia

A condition characterized by decreased muscle tone or tension, leading to reduced strength and stability.

Muscle hypertonia

A condition characterized by excessive muscle tone or tension, resulting in stiff, rigid muscles that are often resistant to passive movement.

Flaccid paralysis

a condition characterized by weakness and loss of muscle tone, resulting in limp muscles and reduced reflexes.

Spastic paralysis

A condition characterized by increased muscle tone and resistance to passive movement, often resulting from damage to the central nervous system. It can lead to stiffness and involuntary muscle contractions.

Fasciculation

Involuntary muscle contractions or twitches that can occur in healthy individuals or as a result of certain diseases.

Muscle denervation

a condition resulting from nerve injury that leads to muscle weakness or atrophy due to the loss of neural stimulation.

Motor neuron disease

A group of neurodegenerative diseases affecting the motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.

Muscle weakness

A condition characterized by reduced strength in the muscles, often resulting in difficulty performing everyday tasks and movements.

Rhabdomyolysis

A condition involving the breakdown of muscle fibers, leading to the release of muscle contents into the bloodstream, which can cause kidney damage.

Muscle necrosis

A condition characterized by the death of muscle tissue, often resulting from injury, lack of blood flow, or disease. Symptoms may include muscle pain, weakness, and swelling.

Compartment syndrome

a condition that occurs when pressure within a muscle compartment increases, leading to decreased blood flow and potential muscle and nerve damage.

Ischemic muscle injury

A condition where muscle tissue is damaged due to reduced blood flow, often leading to pain, swelling, and potential muscle loss.

Muscle inflammation (myositis)

An inflammatory condition of the muscle tissue, causing weakness, pain, and swelling. It can be triggered by autoimmune diseases, infections, or certain medications.

Infectious myositis

A muscle inflammation caused by an infectious agent, often resulting from bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections.

Parasitic muscle infection

A type of infectious myositis caused by parasites that invade muscle tissue, leading to inflammation and damage.

Muscle fibrosis

A condition where muscle tissue is replaced by fibrous connective tissue, leading to stiffness and reduced function.

Muscle calcification

A condition where muscle tissue becomes hardened due to calcium deposits, often resulting from injury or inflammation.

Muscle contracture

A condition characterized by the permanent shortening of a muscle or muscle group, resulting in restricted movement and deformity. Muscle contractures can be caused by immobilization, injury, or underlying medical conditions.

Glycogen storage disease

A group of inherited disorders that result in the abnormal storage of glycogen due to enzyme deficiencies, affecting muscle and liver function.

McArdle disease

A genetic disorder that affects glycogen metabolism, resulting in exercise intolerance and muscle pain due to the inability to break down glycogen into glucose.

Mitochondrial myopathy

A genetic disorder affecting muscle cells, leading to weakness and fatigue due to mitochondrial dysfunction.

Carnitine deficiency

A metabolic disorder that affects the body's ability to utilize fat for energy due to a lack of carnitine, leading to muscle weakness and exercise intolerance.

Creatine deficiency

A metabolic disorder that affects the muscle's ability to produce energy due to a lack of creatine, leading to muscle weakness and fatigue.

Hypokalaemia

A condition characterized by low levels of potassium in the blood, which can lead to muscle weakness and cramps.

Hyperkalaemia

A condition characterized by elevated levels of potassium in the blood, which can lead to serious cardiac and muscular complications.

Hypocalcaemia

A condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood, which can lead to muscle cramps, spasms, and other neurological symptoms.

Hypercalcaemia

An elevated level of calcium in the blood, which can lead to various health issues such as kidney stones, bone pain, and interference with heart and brain function.

Electrolyte imbalance

A condition characterized by an abnormal level of electrolytes, such as potassium or calcium, in the blood, which can affect muscle function and lead to various health issues.

Lactic acidosis

A condition characterized by an increase in lactic acid in the blood, often due to anaerobic metabolism. It can result from various factors, including intense exercise or medical conditions.

Muscle fatigue

Condition characterized by a decreased ability to generate force in muscles, often due to prolonged exertion or metabolic changes.

Exercise intolerance

A condition characterized by an inability to perform physical activities at a level that is expected for one's age and fitness level, often due to an underlying health issue or muscle dysfunction.

Sarcopenia

The loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging or certain medical conditions, leading to decreased physical performance.

Cachexia

a syndrome characterized by severe weight loss, muscle wasting, and malnutrition, often seen in chronic illnesses.

Vitamin D deficiency myopathy

A muscle weakness condition resulting from low levels of Vitamin D, often associated with pain and difficulty in physical activity.

Steroid-induced myopathy

A muscle disorder resulting from prolonged use of corticosteroids, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.

Protein deficiency

a condition characterized by muscle wasting and weakness due to inadequate protein intake, often seen in malnutrition and chronic diseases.

Chronic muscle pain

a condition characterized by persistent pain in the muscles that can affect daily activities and quality of life.

Trigger point pain

A condition characterized by painful knots in muscles that can cause localized discomfort and referred pain in other areas.

Myofascial pain syndrome

A chronic pain disorder characterized by widespread muscular pain and tenderness, often accompanied by trigger points.

Muscle stiffness

A condition characterized by a tightness or reduced flexibility in the muscles, often limiting movement and causing discomfort.

Muscle tightness

A condition where muscles feel tight, tense, and difficult to move, often resulting in reduced flexibility and discomfort.

Muscle imbalance

A condition where there is a disparity in strength or flexibility between opposing muscle groups, often leading to discomfort or injury.

Postural muscle pain

A form of discomfort caused by prolonged muscle tension or poor alignment, often related to imbalances or poor posture.

Overtraining syndrome

A condition caused by excessive training without adequate recovery, leading to performance decline, fatigue, and increased risk of injury.

Delayed muscle recovery

A condition where muscles take longer than usual to recover after exercise, resulting in prolonged soreness or fatigue.

Exercise-induced muscle damage

A condition where muscle fibers sustain injury due to intense physical activity, leading to soreness and reduced strength.

Muscle endurance loss

A decrease in the ability of muscles to sustain prolonged exercise due to excessive training without adequate recovery.

Muscle coordination disorder

A condition that affects the ability to control and manage muscle movements effectively, often resulting in uncoordinated or jerky motions.

congenital muscular torticollis

A condition present at birth characterized by a tightening of the neck muscles, leading to an abnormal head position.

Facial muscle paralysis

A condition resulting from nerve damage that leads to the inability to control facial muscles, causing drooping or weakness.

Bell’s palsy

A temporary weakness or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face, often caused by inflammation of the facial nerve.

Eye muscle weakness

A condition characterized by the inability or diminished ability to control eye muscles, often resulting in strabismus or other visual disturbances.

Ptosis

A condition characterized by drooping of one or both eyelids, often caused by weakness or paralysis of the eye muscles.

Dysphagia

a condition characterized by difficulty swallowing, often due to muscle weakness or nerve damage.

Dysarthria

A condition affecting speech motor control, leading to difficulty in articulating words clearly.

Respiratory muscle weakness

A condition characterized by diminished strength in the muscles involved in breathing, leading to difficulties in respiratory function.

Muscle tone disorder

A condition affecting the muscle's ability to maintain normal tone and firmness, resulting in either excessive or inadequate tension.

Muscle control disorder

A condition that affects the ability to effectively coordinate and control muscle movements, causing difficulties in speech and motor functions.

Muscle adaptation

The process by which muscles undergo changes in size, strength, or endurance in response to increasing physical demands or training.

Muscle regeneration

The process by which muscle fibers repair and regrow after injury or damage, restoring muscle function and mass.

Muscle plasticity

The ability of muscle tissue to adapt to changes in activity levels, allowing it to increase or decrease in size and strength.

Systemic muscle disease

A group of genetic disorders that affect muscle function, leading to muscle weakness and degeneration.

Neuromuscular disease

A group of disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system and communication between nerves and muscles, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.

Muscle soreness

A temporary condition resulting from physical exertion, characterized by stiffness and discomfort in the muscles after intensive exercise.

Chronic fatigue syndrome (muscle involvement)

A complex disorder characterized by extreme fatigue that cannot be explained by any underlying medical condition, often accompanied by muscle pain and impaired physical function.

Muscle swelling

An increase in the size of muscle tissue due to inflammation or injury, often resulting from intense physical activity or trauma.

Muscle injury

Damage to muscle fibers due to overexertion or trauma, often resulting in pain, swelling, and reduced function.

Functional muscle disorder

A condition that affects the normal function of muscles without any identifiable structural abnormalities. Patients may experience weakness, pain, and fatigue.