Kinetic Anatomy Exam #1

Long Bones

Bones that provide the framewok of the human body and make movement possible.

Have a shaft known as diaphysis. With two large prominences at either end called the epiphysis. Epiphyseal plate is in between diaphysis and epiphysis.

-examples are femur and humerus

Epiphyseal plates

Growth plates in long bones only in between diaphysis and epiphysis.

Short bones

-no diaphysis and rather symmetrical

-bones in wrist and ankles

Flat bones

-Flat shape

-head, chest, shoulder

Irregular bones

-Bones that don’t fit into the other categories

-vertebrae

Sesamoid bones

-seasame shaped bones

-free floating bones found within tendons or muscles

-the patella other examples are found in hand or foot

Tuberosity

Lareg bump on a bone

Process

Projection from a bone

Tubercle

A smaller bump on the bone

Spinous process

longer and thinner projection of a bone

Condyles

Bony knobs at end of long bones

Articular surface

Part of the condyle that articulates with another bone

Epicondyle

Smaller knobs located just above the condyle

Fossa

A smooth hollow surface

Facet

A smaller, flatter and smoother surface also attatchments for other structures

Notch

The area of bone that appears to be cut out and allows for the passage of other structures.

Foramen

Hole in the bone

Rolling

Movement where teh joint surface of one bone rolls on teh joint surface of another bone

-The knee or shoulder joint

Gliding

Linear movement of a joint which one point on a bone’s joint surface contatcs new points on the adjacent bone’s joint surface.

-wrist and ankle, ac joint

Spinning

an example is C1 or 2

Diathrodial

Contain a joint cavity, synovial fluid, and capsule

-largest amount of movement

-There are 6 types of diarthrodial joints

Seperation-do not touch other directly

-joint cavity:filled with synovial fluid

Hinge

Has one concave surface with other surface looking like a spool of thread, the elbow joint is an example(diarthrodial)

Ball and socket

rounded head of one bone fitting into the cuplike cavity examples ar ehip and shoulder joints(diarthrodial)

Irregular

irregular shaped surface that are normally flat or slightly rounded. Joints between the bones of the wrists, gliding movement occurs between carpals(diarthrodial)

Condyloid

one convex surface fitting into concave . only have movement in two planes about two axis’s but ball and socket can do 3, metacarpals are an example(diarthrodial)

Saddle

modification of a condyloid joint only example is thumb from wrist(diarthrodial)

Pivot

one bone rotates around another, radius bone rotates on the humerus(diarthrodial)

Synovial joints

space between articulating surfaces, synovial membrane, joint capsule

Nonaxial

joints that allow only gliing type movement such as those in wrist and foot

Uniaxial

like the elbow joint permit movement in only one plane of axis

Biaxial

such as the wrist in two planes and axis

Triaxial

movement in three planes and axes example is shoulder and hip joints which are all ball and scoket joints

Synarthrodial

no speration or joint cavity there are three types

-suture

-cartilaginous

-ligamentous

Suture

no detectable movement and appear sto be sewn. bones of the skull are examples

Cartilaginous

Allow some movement but other then joints found in SC they do not play major role on movement. They contain fibrocartilage that deforms to allow movement between bones and act as shock absorber.

Examples:intervetebral, pubic symphysis, sacroiliac joints

Ligamentous joints

Tie together bones that have limited or no movement example is AC

Joint strength determined by several factors

Physcial structure

The strength/number of ligaments

Other structures (Nerves, Blood vessels, skin, fascia)

Movement of joints depends on

The bones involved

Thickness/laxity of ligaments

Fat and muscle surrounding the joint

Strength/flexibility of muscle

resistence of other structures

Muscles are named based off of

Action, Attatchment, Direction of pull, location, size, shape, structure.

Smooth muscle

Found in rogans and blood vessels

Cardiac muscle

In the heart

Skeletal

Cause the movement of bones

Extensibility

Property of muscle:ability of muscle to be strethed beyond its normal resting length

Elasticity

Property of muscle:ability of muscle to return to its original length when stretching ceases

Contractility

Property of muscle:ability of muscle to shorten and develop tension when stimulated

Excitability

Property of muscle:(irrability) ability of muscle to be sensitive or responsive to chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimuli.

Cross sectional area

strength of muscles(factors): a larger cross sectrion means more muscle fibers and therefore greater strength.

Length

strength of muscles(factors):longer fibers generate a force creating more motion since they shorten over a greater distance

Texture

strength of muscles(factors): muscle with less noncontratcile tissue will have more muscle fibers per area therefore able to generate more force

Specificity

strength of muscles(factors):chemical structure of muscle(viscosity of fluid, amount of sarcoplasm, number of amino acids) affects muscle actions

Tension

strength of muscles(factors):muscle generates more force when it is placed on stretch/under tension

Coordination

strength of muscles(factors):poor coordination between muscles can create friction between muscle fibers, reducing force that can be generated

Flexion

Defined as reduction of the angel formed by the bones of the joint

Extension

Increase of the joint angle

Abduction

Movement away from the midlien of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Lateral rotation

Also known as external rotation: turning of a limb away from the midline

Medial rotation

Also known as internal rotation: turning of a limb twoard the midline

Pronation

Turning of the forearm twoard teh body resulting in volar/palmar surface facing the body.

Supination

Turning the frearm outward

Circumduction

joint capable of creating movement in 2 or 3 planes also capable of circumduction. example is moving shoulder joint in windmill motion

Movement

Skeletal muscle is to provide movement

Protection

Skeletal muscle provides protection from external trauma and acts as a shock absorber for underlying bones and internal organs

Support joints

Also known as external rotation turning of a limb away from the midline

Heat production

Through contraction an example is shivering

Slow twitch

Smaller, dark fibers, slow to fatigue

Fast twitch

Larger, lighter in color, fatigue faster

Type 1 levers

Type 2 lever

Type 3 lever

Mechanical advantage

The ratio of output to input force

Mechanical disadvantage

Muscles must generate more force then the actual weight or resistance being moved

Autonomic nervous system

Divided into sympa and parasympathetic, controls the glands and smooth muscle of body

Central nervous system

Consits of the brain and SC

Peripheral nervous system

consists fo 12 cranial nerves they are both sensory and motor in nature

Parasympathetic

rest and digest

Sympathetic

Fight or flight

Motor units

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls

Anatomical position

standing normally with palms facing forward

Fundamental position

standing forward with palms facing the hip

planes of the body

Frontal-front and back

Saggital-left and right

Transverse-up and down

Axis of rotation

Frontal/horizontal axis-about the saggital plane

sagittal horizntal axis-about frontal plane

vertical axis-about transverse plane