Introduction to Psychology and Applied Social Sciences Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering fundamental concepts, theoretical frameworks, influential theorists, and career pathways in Psychology and Applied Social Sciences.

Civil Society

The general population or the public, which may include municipalities.

Pastoral Counselors

Professional counselors working in parishes and churches who provide counseling services to individuals with issues relevant to morality or spiritual concerns.

Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology)

An alternative movement in psychology advanced by Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez that contributed to culturally sensitive and appropriate psychological interventions in the Philippines.

Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez

Recognized as the Father of Filipino Psychology ("Ama ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino"); he founded the Philippine Psychology Research and Training House in 1971 and chaired the First National Conference on Filipino Psychology in 1975.

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud's counseling approach aimed at restructuring personality by resolving intrapsychic conflict, encouraging patients to discuss whatever comes to mind to release suppressed emotions.

Self-defeating patterns

Behaviors, beliefs, or thought processes that ultimately hinder personal growth, success, or well-being.

Procrastination

Putting off important tasks or responsibilities, often leading to increased stress and decreased productivity.

Perfectionism

Setting unrealistically high standards for oneself and being overly critical of mistakes, which can lead to anxiety, paralysis, or fear of failure.

Negative Self-talk

Engaging in constant self-criticism, self-doubt, or self-sabotage, which erodes self-esteem and confidence.

Avoidance

Dodging uncomfortable or challenging situations rather than confronting them directly, preventing growth and resolution of underlying issues.

People-pleasing

Prioritizing others' needs and opinions over one's own, leading to resentment, burnout, and a lack of fulfillment.

Overthinking

Getting caught in endless cycles of rumination or analysis paralysis, which can impede decision-making and problem-solving.

Self-isolation

Withdrawing from social interactions or support networks out of fear of rejection or vulnerability.

Comparison

Constantly measuring oneself against others and feeling inadequate or envious, rather than focusing on personal progress and achievements.

Defeatism

Adopting a pessimistic outlook and assuming failure or disappointment before even attempting to pursue goals or aspirations.

Self-sabotage

Engaging in behaviors that undermine one's own success or happiness, often due to deep-seated fears or insecurities.

Cognitive Behavioral Theories

Theories emphasizing mental processes and cognition—such as thoughts, beliefs, and internal images—and their effects on psychological functioning and mental health.

Cognitions

Thoughts, beliefs, and internal images about events in clients' lives.

Experiential Theories

Counseling theories referring to the affective aspect, focused on creating an impact on a client's emotions to effect change.

Social Work

An applied social science field that addresses individual problems as well as broader social issues like poverty, unemployment, and domestic violence.

Communication Studies

An applied social science area equipping practitioners with theories and skills to write, produce, and deliver news accurately to inform the public about social realities.

Applied Social Sciences

Fields introduced in the late 1990s as a reaction to compartmentalized social science disciplines, encouraging interdisciplinary cooperation to address societal issues.

Research Psychology

A career pathway in psychology focused on expanding knowledge in the field through scientific methods.

Court Consultant

A psychology career that assists in legal cases by evaluating individuals, giving expert testimony, and advising on criminal behavior.

Counselling Psychology

A branch of psychology that assists people in managing everyday life issues, emotional challenges, stress, anxiety, and identity development.

School Counselor

A career pathway providing students with guidance and support for academic, personal, and social challenges.

University Researcher

A career pathway that conducts studies and experiments to develop new psychological theories and improve existing practices.

Case Study

An in-depth investigation of a single person, group, or event, useful for exploring complex or unique issues.

Experimental Method

The manipulation of one or more variables in a controlled environment to observe the effects on other variables, aiming to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Wilhelm Wundt

A German physiologist and psychologist known as the Father of Psychology / Father of Experimental Psychology, who established the first formal psychology laboratory in 1879 at the University of Leipzig.

Correlational Research

A research method examining the relationship between two or more variables without manipulation, useful for pattern identification or when variable manipulation is unethical.

Psychology

The scientific study of the mind and behavior, derived from Greek psyche ("soul, mind") and -logia ("science, study").

Observation

A research method where researchers watch and record overt or covert behaviors as they occur in naturalistic or controlled settings.

Surveys

A method involving asking people questions through interviews or questionnaires to learn about their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.

Independent Variable

The "cause" or factor that is manipulated or changed by the researcher in an experiment.

Dependent Variable

The "effect" or outcome measured to see if it is influenced by the independent variable.

Forensic Psychology

A psychology career pathway involving evaluating defendants' mental competence, providing expert testimony, conducting risk assessments, and understanding criminal behavior.

Health Program Specialist

A career path that designs programs promoting healthy habits and helps patients cope with illnesses alongside medical teams.

Health Psychology

A field that explores the connection between mental processes and physical health.

Pakikisama

A core Filipino cultural value signifying the importance of getting along with others.

Behaviorism

A psychological theory emphasizing that human behavior is learned through environmental interactions and focusing strictly on observable behaviors.

John B. Watson

The founder of behaviorism who argued that psychology should focus only on observable behaviors rather than unobservable mental processes.

Hiya

A Filipino indigenous concept representing a sense of propriety, shame, or embarrassment.

Humanism

A psychological perspective focused on the whole person, emphasizing inherent goodness, free will, and the drive for self-actualization.

Abraham Maslow

Considered the "father of the movement" in humanistic psychology, famous for his Hierarchy of Needs and theory of self-actualization.

Carl Rogers

A founder of humanistic psychology who developed person-centered therapy and concepts like unconditional positive regard and the ideal self.

Kapwa

A Filipino concept of shared identity, unity, and togetherness where others are viewed as fellow human beings with a shared inner self.

Counseling

An application of the social sciences defined by Nystul (2003) as an art and a science balancing objective and subjective facets to provide guidance, help, and support.

Rene Descartes

17th-century French philosopher who introduced dualism, asserting that the mind and body are two separate entities interacting to form human experience.

Carl Jung

Swiss psychiatrist and philosopher (1875-1961) widely considered to be the father of analytic psychology.

Sigmund Freud

The founding father of psychoanalysis who proposed the Iceberg Theory of consciousness.

Erik Erikson

German-born American developmental psychologist known for his theory on the Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development and coining "identity crisis".

Counseling as a Science

The objective dimension of counseling where counselors discern and possess skills to formulate objective observations and inferences.

Person-Centered Counseling

Carl Rogers's "if-then" counseling approach asserting that if specific conditions exist in the counseling relationship, the client will move toward self-actualization.

Gestalt Therapy

Fritz Perls's therapy emphasizing the here and now, environmental awareness, personal responsibility for choices, and self-acceptance.

Beck's Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A form of cognitive behavioral therapy created by Aaron Beck targeting dysfunctional cognitive thinking, suitable for individuals suffering from depression and anxiety.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Albert Ellis's cognitive therapy assuming emotional disorders stem from irrational cognitive processes and internal self-talk, aiming to mend self-defeating cognition.

Transactional Analysis (TA)

Eric Berne's approach that examines relationships by evaluating three ego states (parent, adult, and child) to help clients develop capacity for intimacy and autonomy.

Individual Psychology

Alfred Adler's classic counseling theory with the goal of understanding clients and assessing why they do things in certain ways.