Water

What percentage of newborn animals is water

90-99%

What percentage of adult animals is water

50-66%

What percentage of water in the body is fat free weight in cattle, sheep, swine, mice, rats, chickens, fish

70-75%

40% of water in the body is

intracellular

30% of water in the body is ____ and this includes interstitial fluids

extracellular

30% of the water in the body is found in the _______, includes extracellular fluid

GI and urinary tracts

What are 2 major functions of water in the body

1. metabolism

2. Temperature control

What metabolic functions does water serve as

1. solvent: dissolves nutrients or waste

2. transport medium: blood

3. diluting: urea

4. substrate

5. metabolic water

What role does water play in temperature control within the body

evaporative losses

Water works as a solvent for the following

1. kidney products: urine (urea)

2. nutrients

3. toxins

Water works as a transport system in the following

1. digesta: lubricant

2. blood

3. cells

4. interstitial fluids

5. secretion

6. excretion: urine, sweat

Water functions as a diluent for the following

1. transport: nutrients throughout the body

   1. wasters: urea and other toxins

This is a chemical reaction in which water acts as a substrate to cleave compounds

hydrolysis

What chemical reaction occurs when water is consumed or produced as a byproduct during the breakdown and synthesis of carbs, proteins, and fat

oxidation

In what ways is water useful for temperature regulation within the body

1. high specific heat so it does not easily boil

2. high thermal conductivity

3. high latent heat of evaporation

Animals evolved to utilize what attribute in regards to temperature regulation

1. large surface area in the lungs

2. large surface areas for sweat evaporation

3. dilation and constriction of blood vessels

Where in the digestive tract is water absorbed

1. rumen

2. omasum

3. ileum

4. jejunum

5. cecum

6. colon

Water is NOT absorbed in which parts of the digestive tract

1. abomasum/glandular stomach

2. duodenum

What are factors of water absorption

1. osmotic and hydrostatic pressure gradients

2. polysaccharides - can decrease water absorption

3. fiber - can decrease water absorption

4. gut motility - can decrease water absorption

5. microbial toxins and diuretics - increase gut motility

6. endocrine factors - can up regulate or down regulate

What are endocrine factors of water absorption

1. pituitary

2. adrenal

3. kidney

How is water moved from one fluid compartment to another

osmosis or hydrostatic pressure gradients

Water is absorbed across _____ ______ and enters _____ or ______

GI tract; blood; lymph

Blood volume is regulated by what

body Na

The following are water sources

1. drinking water

2. feed - 5-% hays/mature forage, 90% young lush forage

3. metabolic water

4. condensation reactions - amino acids → peptides

5. tissue metabolism - ETC

Water importance is based on

1. species

2. diet

3. habitat

4. ability to conserve body water

What are some additional details about the ability to conserve body water

1. birds have very low water requirements and have concentrated urine

2. uric acid to secrete nitrogen instead of urea

3. uric acid has a high amount of metabolic water

What contributes to water losses

1. urine

2. feces

3. insensible - breathing (vapor from lungs), skin cells

4. sweat

What relationships do the kidneys have with water

1. water is a solvent for products produced by this organ

2. require minimal obligatory water excretion - typically exceed these levels except in low water situations

3. varies by species - birds have low water requirements

Water requirements are dependent upon

1. diet

2. activity level (increase)

3. species (dependent)

4. environment

5. physiological state

What aspects of diet impact water requirements

1. dry matter (increase)

2. protein (increase)

3. salts (increase)

4. fats (increase)

What aspects of environment impact water requirements

1. high temperature (increase)

2. high humidity (increase)

3. ease of access (dependent)

What aspects of physiological state impact water requirements

1. age (dependent)

2. lactation (increase)

Rank the following cattle’s required water volume in gallons from least to greatest: dry cow, lactating cow, growing

1. growing - 5

2. dry cow - 11

3. lactating cow - 50

Rank the following swine’s required water volume in gallons from least to greatest: market hog, lactating sow, pregnant sow

1. market hog - 3

2. pregnant sow - 5

3. lactating sow - 7

Rank the following horse’s required water volume in gallons from least to greatest: weanling, maintenance, moderate work

1. weanling - 8

2. maintenance - 11

3. moderate work - 16

Rank the following poultry’s required water volume in gallons from least to greatest: 16 week old turkey, layer hen, 8 week old chick

1. 8 week old chick - 0.05

2. layer hen - 0.4

3. 16 week old turkey - 1.6

Complex factors of regulation of drinking include

1. tissue dehydration - drink more

2. reduced saliva flow

3. fluids in the stomach

4. drinking sensation

5. salt consumption

6. environment

moderate effects of water restriction includes

deceased food intake and production

severe effects of water restriction include

1. deceased weight

2. secretion of ions

3. pulse rate increases

4. respiration rate increases

5. increased temp

extreme effects of water restriction include

1. blood concentration increases

2. decreased intracellular and extracellular water

3. muscle tremors

4. nausea

5. irritability

6. prostration - extreme physical weakness, exhaustion, or collapse

7. death

Poor quality water _____ feed intake

reduces

high salt levels may _____ water intake and can be _____

reduce; toxic

What are some things that affect water quality

1. possible contamination from bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, pesticides, industrial runoff

2. nitrate and nitrite

3. concentration of Ca, Mg, Na, K

Amount of mineral dissolved in water, measured as mg/L

Total dissolved solids (TDS)

EPA levels < 2,500 mg/L

safe for all species

EPA levels = 1,000-5,000 mg/L

safe but may cause temporary diarrhea

EPA levels = 3,000-5,000 mg/L

may cause watery feces, increased poultry mortality

EPA levels = 5,000-7,000 mg/L

acceptable to livestock, except poultry

EPA levels > 7,000 mg/L

unfit for poultry and swine, don’t feed to pregnant or lactating horses or sheep

EPA levels > 10,000 mg/L

unfit for use under any condition