Biology Module 2

PCR

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Double Helix

The shape of DNA, 2 DNA that complement each other

half from mother, half from father

how many chromosomes you inherit from each parent

23 pairs

how many pairs of chromosomes each humans have

46

how many total chromosomes there are

genome

all genes that make up a particular species

homologous

same size

22 out of 23

how many chromosomes are homologous

loci/locus

where the gene is located on the chromosome

Polygenic

multiple genes control the expression of one trait

monogenic

one gene controls expression of one trait

Y

male sex chromosome

X

female sex chromosome

Dominent

the form of a trait that can dominate or mask a reccessive trait

Recessive

allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

3

how many possibilities for one gene to turn out

homozygous dominant

Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and dominant (AA)

heterozygus

having two different alleles for a trait (Aa)

homozygous recessive

Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and recessive (aa)

1%

what percent of DNA differentiates us as individuals

PV92

a junk gene that does not code for anything

50,000

amount of genes that do not code for anything (that we know of yet)

chromosome 16

what chromosome PV92 is on

only one

how many cells needed to identify an individual

Thermocycler

a machine that duplicates repeadedly how cells duplicate DNA by rasing and lowering temperature

genetic abnormality

a gene inherited that causes an abnormality, not health or life threatening

genetic disorder

gene inhereted that can impact health or cause death

genetic disease

predisposed to some sort of health issue but is only triggered by outside factors

adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T)

nucleotide base pairs

Autosomal cell

a non sex cell

19.9 million

base pairs of DNA

hydrogen bonds

what DNA is held together by, can be heated and broken down

phosphodiester bond

DNA can survive thousands of years due to these extremely strong bonds preserving it

Micropipette

an instrument designed for the measurement of very small volumes in exact amounts

Autoclave

takes high temperature steam to kill all living cells

Cheelex

compound that strips metal ions off of DNA molecule for clean molecule in order to do PCR

Lyse

the cell is bursting at the membrane to access neucleus

more copies of cells

what makes DNA glow better under UV light

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

an automated process by which millions of copies of a DNA sequence can be created from a very small sample by hybridization

Enzymes

protiens that act like catalysts, which speeds up reaction

catalysts

accelerate chemical reactions

Agarose gel

a porus gel that DNA migrates through

slower

the longer the molecule, the ___ it becomes

gel electrophoresis

Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel

cellular metabolism

sum of all reactions that occur in the cell

3D

the shape of an Enzyme

substrate

the molecule that the enzyme reacts with

active site

a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.

"ase"

the suffix of enzymes

repeatedly

how long an enzyme can be used as long as it's shape stays the same

inhibitors

temperature that can denature the protien

co-factors

line themselves by the active site and facilitate and speed up enzyme process more efficiently

Fe+

a co-factor

Mg2+

a co-factor

60-80%

what percent water cells are

polar in nature

water molecules are...

polar

moves to water

non polar

moves away from water

high heat capacity

stops cells from boiling over

high specific heat

takes lots of energy to heat/cool water molecule

Lake superior

the coldest lake but does not freeze over completely due to high specific heat

universal solvent

many molecules readily dissolve in water

cohesion

water bonds to water (readily attract)

adhesion

water clings to other molecules

cohesive and adhesive

water is both

capillary action

water can move against the pull of gravity

roots and stems pull water up through small tubes

an example of capillary action

transpiration

combination of capillary action and strength of water vapor

how plants get water to the tips of trees

an example of transpiration

low density of ice

solid is lower in density than it's liquid counterpart, hence why it floats

in the nucleus

where PCR is stored

Cocktail Mix

used to copy and amplify certain DNA, must be made in a lab using specific formula

target sequence

what the mix is engineered to copy

primers

identify where the beginning and ending of a target sequence are

buffer solution

a solution made from a weak acid and its conjugate base that neutralizes small amounts of acids or bases added to it

negative

DNA has a _____ charge

goes faster

smaller DNA

Taq polymerase

A DNA synthesis enzyme that can withstand the high temperatures of PCR

Amplify

to copy

Gel Red

what makes DNA glow under UV light

travels faster only

In PCR, Homozygous Dominant...

travels slower only

In PCR, Homozygous Recessive...

travels both slow and fast (2 lines)

In PCR, Heterozygous...

statistically

not happening at random

quantified

put into numbers

qualitative

cannot be put into numbers

Student T-Test

used when comparing 2 means

ANOVA

analysis of variance, used when comparing 3+ means

replication

necessary to have a reliable data set

30

how much you need to have a reasonable average

random sample

unbiased

stratifying

assuring to cover entire testing range and evenly distributed

p-value

number generated by statistical calculation

the typically used accepted difference for a p-value

plasma membrane

the structure that all cells are surrounded by

warm shallow seas

what all life evolved in

2 layers (bilayer) of biolipids

What the plasma membrane is made up of

hydrophillic

water loving

hydrophobic

water repelling

hydrophilic and polar

the heads of the plasma membrane layer are...