HOSA Human Growth and Development 2025 COMPLETE EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |RECENTLY TESTING REAL EXAM QUESTIONS| 100% SOLVED!!

What is human growth and development?

The study of how people change as they go through life

What occurs during physical development?

Concerns all bodily changes that occur as a person grows and ages

Intellectual Development

Deals with a persons ability to learn and then apply this knowledge to new problems

Emotional Development

Deals with changes in a persons ability to establish a unique identity

Social Development

The way that people interact with others.

What are the levels in the hierarchy of human needs and who developed this?

Abram Maslow was responsible for developing this.

1. Food, Shelter, and bodily comfort

2. Safety and Security

3. Feel loved and a sense of belonging

4. Self esteem and control

5. Live up to ones potential

What is genetics?

An area of biology that deals with the passing of genes from parents to children.

How many pairs of chromosomes are in DNA?

23 pairs

What is the function of chromosomes?

They determine hereditary chromosomes.

What happens when genes mutate?

They normally become the basis for some form of disease.

What are single-gene diseases?

This results from an individual mutant gene and may cause a failure to create something necessary.

What are some examples of single-gene diseases?

Cystic Fibrosis, Hemophilia, Albinism, Huntingtons disease

What are chromosomal diseases? What are the categories?

This disease is a result of chromosomal breakage, abnormal chromosome, or a missing chromosome. They two categories are trisomy and monosomy.

What are examples of nonfatal chromosomal diseases?

Down syndrome and Turner syndrome

What is gene therapy?

The treatment of single-cell disease by replacing the mutant gene.

What are genetic engineering and recombinant DNA?

Recombinant DNA is the imitation and artificial manipulation of DNA. With recombinant DNA, scientist hope to replace defective genes with copies of healthy genes.

How long does prenatal development last?

38 weeks from conception to birth

What happens during the zygote period?

The is during the first 2 weeks of pregnancy and is when the zygote travels from the Fallopian tube to the uterus and implants itself in the uterine wall, here is where the amnion forms. Near the end of the 2 weeks the placenta is developed.

What happens during the embryonic period?

This period is from the 2nd weeks to the 8th week. Three layers of cells develop (1. Ectoderm Layer: Skin and nervous system, 2. Mesoderm: Muscle, skeleton, cardiovascular system, and other organs, 3. Endoderm: Digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands.). Heart begins to pump blood. During the second half of this period facial features, arms, legs, fingers, and toes begin to form.

What happens during the fetal period?

This is during the 9th week to birth. During this period, organs, muscles, and the nervous system begins to organize. Lungs begin to expand and contract to simulate breathing. External genitals are distinguishable. Fingernails, toenails, and eyelids form. After 18 weeks babies movement can be felt by the mother. After 20 weeks baby can hear and react to sound. After 24 weeks brain neurons are developed. After 25-38 weeks the cerebral cortex continues to develop and fetus gains a layer of fat, ultimately adding 5 pounds to the babies weight. The fetus receives antibodies from the mothers blood to protect it from illness until its own immune system forms.

What is the age of viability?

When a fetus has a chance to live outside the womb and survive. Normally from 25-38 weeks.

What are teratogens? What are some examples?

Environmental substances that may cause damage during prenatal development. Examples: medications, drugs, alcohol, and pollution

Why should a mother consult a doctor after taking any medication?

Some medications can cause low birth weight, low intelligence, and death.

What is Fetal alcohol syndrome?

This is a serious effect due to a mother consuming alcohol during pregnancy. This can cause mental retardation, poor attention, and hyperactivity.

What are some non-teratogenic health concerns?

Nutrition, anxiety, miscarriage, chromosomal defects, medical care, mothers age, good incompatibility

What is considered the neonatal period?

The first 4 weeks of life

What does the apgar scale measure?

Appearance, Pulse, Gimace, Activity, and respiration

What is the purpose of bonding?

With a bond, newborns feel safe and secure. This allows them to develop with confidence.

What are some newborn reflexes?

Rooting reflex: When newborns cheek is stroked they turn toward the simulation, Sucking reflex: When finger is placed in mouth baby sucks on it, Palmar reflex: When the finger is placed in a babies hand they squeeze

What are the 5 stages of arousal?

Regular sleep, irregular sleep, drowsiness, quiet alertness, waking activity and crying

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

This is when a baby's air sac collapses causing the baby to have to be attached to repirators.

What is premature birth?

Babies born 3 weeks or more early

What is SIDs

When an infant dies during sleep. There is no cure or cure.

What ages do infants and toddlers refer to?

Infancy is first year and toddler is second

What physical developments occur during infancy?

Babies settle into sleeping patterns, hold head up, roll over,reach for things, hearing improve, crawl, walk, make sounds

What physical developments occur during toddlerhood?

Gain weight and height, run, jump, climb, learn to scribble and balance

What intellectual developments occur during infancy?

Imitate facial expressions, repeat actions the bring pleasure, recognize people, make sounds, begin to point at objects

What intellectual developments occur during toddlerhood?

Experiment repeatedly with objects, play make believe, imitate more complex actions, say first words, increase vocabulary to 200 words before 2, begin to form sentences

What emotional developments occur during infancy?

Show basic emotions, anger and fear intensify, stranger anxiety, expiration anxiety

What emotional developments occur during toddlerhood?

Shows empathy, able to cooperate, expand displayable emotions, self-control, vocabulary grows

What social developments occur during toddlerhood?

Began to smile and laugh, able to interpret other emotions

What social developments occur during toddlerhood?

Will play with brothers and sisters, shows signs of gender stereotypes, gender stereotypical toy choices

What age range does early childhood refer to?

2-6 years

What physical developments occur during early childhood?

Physical growth slows, motor skills improve, greater coordination, tie their shoes, loose teeth, preference between left and right hand

What intellectual developments occur during early childhood?

See situations from others perspectives, greater attention, ability to count, language and memory

What emotional developments occur during early childhood?

Shifts from confident to unsure, frustration, self-esteem, express emotions in acceptable ways

What social developments occur during early childhood?

Become better communicators, understand sharing, begin to play with others *cooperative play

What age range does middle childhood refer to?

6 to 11 years old

What physical developments occur during middle childhood?

Write smaller, detailed drawings, motor skills become more developed

What intellectual developments occur during middle adulthood?

Ability to think logically, understand more complex ideas, apply strategies

What emotional developments occur during middle childhood?

More independent and confident, more responsible, describe personalities, high self esteem

What social developments occur during middle childhood?

Understand people's perspectives, aggression declines, view relationships with people, develop friendships based off trust, rivalry with sibling

What are some middle childhood health issues?

Nearsightedness, obesity, malnutrition, bed wetting

What age range is adolescence?

11-20 years

When does puberty begin for females? What physical changes occur?

Begin as early as 10 years old. Gain up to 40 pounds, grow 10 inches, menstruation, secondary sexual characteristics

When does puberty began for males? What physical changes occur?

Begin as early as 12. Growth spurt, muscle mass increase, reproductive organs mature, secondary sexual characteristics

What intellectual developments occur during adolescence?

Critical thinking improves, interpret and evaluate information, makes wiser decisions, better organization, idealistic

What emotional developments occur during adolescence?

Seek to establish identity, not yet comfortable with bodies, self conscious, easily embarrassed

What social developments occur during adolescence?

Socialization with friends increase, develops sense of morals and values, responds appropriately, interest in opposite sex

What health issues can adolescence face?

Anorexia, bulimia, chemical abuse, suicide

What age range is early adulthood?

20-40 years old

What physical developments occur during early adulthood?

Physical prime, stronger and faster, need for exercise, slowing metabolism, decline in vision, hear grays, fertility problems

What intellectual developments occur during early childhood?

Settle a career, develop expertise, shift in focus from acquiring to applying knowledge, creativity increases, manage responsibilities, balance work and home life

What emotional and social developments occur during early adulthood?

Develops image of themselves, shapes decision making, develop values, acquire fulfilling relationships, become friends with siblings, marriage and children

What age range does middle adulthood refer to?

40-60 years old

What physical developments occur during middle adulthood?

Declining physical abilities, hearing loss, declining vision, loss of lean body mass, hair thins, weight gain, wrinkling of skin, shrinking of height, menopause

What intellectual developments occur during middle adulthood?

Problem solving, abilities increase, difficult to remember information, multi task decisions

What emotion and social developments occur during middle adulthood?

Consider second half of life, concerned about next generation, self acceptance is at its best, sibling relationships and career become more satisfying, people may retire

What age range does late adulthood refer to?

60-80 years old

What physical developments occur during late adulthood?

Body continues to decline, sense of taste smell touch vision and hearing decline, immune system ages and weakens, bone mass diminishes, neurons die at a faster rate

What intellectual developments occur during late adulthood?

Finding words and forming sentences becomes harder, most wise stage, decline in memory

What emotional and social developments occur during late adulthood?

Become widowed, sibling relationships very strong, faith becomes more important, increased interest in politics

The study of aging is called _____________?

Gerontology

What are some theories of aging?

Some believe cells can only produce a certain number of times. Other believe aging is affected by nutrition, injury, disease, and environment.

What are free radicals?

Very reactive forms of oxygen. Released when oxygen breaks down at the cellular level. They in turn damage cells. Free radical are released during chemical cellular activity, the more released the more cells are damaged.

What are the 5 stages of grief?

Denial, anger,bargaining, depression, acceptance

How will a person in denial react to being told they have a terminal illness?

They will reject they are dying or insist there was a mistake.

How will a person during the anger stage react?

Patients become hostile and blame others.

How will a person in the bargaining stage act?

They will set goals they wish to reach before they die.

How will a person in the depression stage act?

Quiet withdrawal, spoken regrets, great sadness

How will a person in the acceptance stage act?

They spend more time with family and make take care of unfinished business.

What is mortuary science?

Scientific care of the body and emotional and ceremonial needs of the family members.

What jobs do funeral directors preform?

They may prepare body for ceremony, acquire information for legal documentation, planner, post-death counseling

What is the job of an embalmer?

Prepare body, fill out reports, keep track of clothing and values of the deceased

What is the job of the mortuary assistant?

Drives hearse, arrange flowers, clean funeral home.

Governmental Influence

Federal, state and local laws all impact conditions that influence the health status of people. Changes in laws can improve community health by reducing or eliminating unhealthy conditions or by promoting activities that support individual and community health efforts to improve the health of a large number of people.

Cultural Influences

All cultures have systems of health beliefs to explain what causes illness, how it can be cured or treated, and who should be involved in the process. Western industrialized societies see disease as a result of natural scientific phenomena or use technology to diagnose and treat disease. Other societies believe that illness is the result of supernatural phenomena and promote prayer or other spiritual interventions. Cultural issues play a major role in patient compliance.

The life stage during which muscle coordination is well developed, and individuals can engage in physical activities that require complex motor-sensory coordination is

Late childhood

A return to an earlier form of behavior with which a child felt comfortable and secure is called

Regression

As a result of uneven distribution of melanocytes, the aging skin shows irregular pigmentation called

Melanocyte Distribution

Family Influences

The environmental and biological factors that influence a child's growth and development includes family, community and society levels. Whether the child's housing arrangements offer sufficient room for play and exploration can impact the child's development. Meanwhile, the extent to which the home is crowded is an example of how housing impacts a child. At the community level, the amounts of crime and pollution in the neighborhood have an effect on how the child grows. The amount of housing aid available for low-income families can impact a child at the society level. The quality of child care available while the parents are at work is an example of how employment can impact a child at the child level, and child care arrangements can also be an example of a family-level determinant.