bacterial metabolism

what do cells require?

carbon source, energy source, nitrogen source, potassium, magnesium, iron

What is vitamin B1?

thiamine

What is vitamin B2?

riboflavin

What is vitamin B3?

niacin

What is vitamin B5?

pantothenate

What is vitamin B6?

pyridoxal

What is vitamin B7?

biotin

What is vitamin B9?

folate

What is vitamin B12?

cobalamin

cofactor

molecule that binds to a protein that is necessary for the protein to function

what is free energy

the energy available for work

how do exergonic reactions work?

release energy to do work

how do endergonic reactions work?

reactions require energy to work

what are phototrophs

power metabolism through absorbing light to trigger chemical reactions

what are chemotrophs

acquire energy from oxidation-reduction reactions to remove electrons from high energy compounds

what are the two types of chemotrophs

lithotrophs, organotrophs

what type of compound is a chemolithotroph

inorganic

what type of compound is a chemoorganotroph

organic

what is an autotroph

acquires carbon form inorganic source of carbon dioxide

T/F: No known pathogen uses autotrophs

true

what are heterotrophs

acquire their carbon from organic sources

T/F: all known pathogens are heterotrophs

true

what do heterotrophs acquire for energy

organic food molecules

how do heterotrophs acquire their energy

catabolism

what is catabolism

the breakdown of any molecule for the purpose of harvesting energy

what is biosynthesis

building of macromolecules that make up cellular components

how is biosynthesis powered

catabolism

what is the sum that makes up metabolism

catabolism and biosynthesis

large energy sources are converted to what?

smaller energy carriers like ATP

what two things need to be catabolized to make ATP

ADP and Pi

how do all bacteria gain energy

coupling the flow of electrons to the synthesis of ATP

what does reducing do?

require energy

what does oxidizing do?

provides energy

what provides reducing power for biosynthetic reactions

NADH

why do energy carriers allow metabolism to occur sequentially

prevent combustion losses

what is spatiotemporal regulation

coordinates metabolic activity across space and time

in redox couples, what happens when a compound accepts electrons

it is reduced

What type of phosphorylation generates ATP directly from an energy-rich bond in glycolysis

substrate level phosphorylation

What are the stages of glycolysis

glucose, fructose 1,6 biphosphate, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate, pyruvate

what is the primary redox purpose of fermentation

regenerate NAD for catabolism

what is the order of redox events in fermentation

glycolysis produces NADH, an organic compound accepts electrons, NADH is oxidized, NAD is regenerated

What happens to fermentation products after electrons are transferred to them?

they are excreted as waste

what type of molecules are important products of gut bacterial fermentation

short chain fatty acids

what is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration

aerobic respiration’s terminal electron acceptor is oxygen

why does respiration leverage the energy of reduction potential

to generate energy in the form of high energy bond carriers

how is ATP generated

oxidative phosphorylation

what components are required for respiration

Electron transport system, ATP synthase

What happens during the investment stage of glycolysis?

Two ATP molecules are used to activate glucose.

What happens during the payoff stage of glycolysis?

Four ATP molecules and two NADH molecules are produced.

How many ATP molecules are used and produced during glycolysis?

Two ATP molecules are used, four ATP molecules are produced.

What is the TCA cycle

catabolic pathway that breaks down acetyl-CoA to produce energy carriers and intermediates used in biosynthesis.

how does acetyl-CoA enter the TCA cycle

Acetyl-CoA contributes a two-carbon compound that enters the cycle and combines with a four-carbon compound to form a six-carbon compound.

How many ATP, NADH, and FADH₂ molecules are produced per pyruvate in the TCA cycle

one ATP, four NADH, and one FADH

What are the total ATP, NADH, and FADH₂ yields from one glucose molecule through the TCA cycle?

two ATP, eight NADH, two FADH

Why is regenerating NAD⁺ important for glycolysis?

to accept electrons and fermentation replenishes NAD⁺ so glycolysis can continue.

what are common fermentation products

Organic acids and alcohols

how can fermentation happens instead of the TCA cycle

transferring electrons to organic molecules

Electron Transport System

system of membrane-associated oxidoreductase enzymes and quinones that transfer electrons and couple electron flow to proton pumping

In what direction do electrons flow through the ETS?

more reduced molecules with more negative reduction potentials to more oxidized components with more positive reduction potentials

What is oxidoreductase

protein that accepts electrons from a donor, becomes reduced, and then donates those electrons to an acceptor, becoming oxidized

what type of compounds donate electrons during chemolithotrophy

reduced inorganic compounds

What does E0’ measure

reduction potential

What does a more negative reduction potential indicate

electron donation

What does a more negative reduction potential indicate

electron acceptance

What major ETS component changes when switching terminal acceptors

terminal oxidoreductase

What type of compounds donate electrons during chemolithotrophy

reduced inorganic compounds