Biochemistry exam 3

Functions of carbohydrates

Energy storage, structural support, signaling

How many carbons are in the ring of a furanose

5

Draw the haworth diagram of this carb in alpha form

How many carbons are in the ring of a pyranose

6

Draw the haworth diagram of this carb in alpha form

Which carbon is the anomeric carbon

Carbon 1

Disaccharides can be recognized by which type of bond

Glycosidic bond

How many monosaccharide units are in oligosachharides

3-10 units

Similarity and difference between glycolipid and glycoprotein

Both involve oligosaccharides, one bonds to a lipid and the other bonds to a protein

Which amino acids can a carb connect to and create a glycoprotein

Ser, Thr, Tyr, Asp, Gln

How many monosaccharide units are in polysaccharides

10+ units

Definition of homopolysaccharides

Repeating uniform monomeric sugar

Definition of heteropolysaccharides

Contains 2 or more different repeating monomeric sugars

Characteristics of amylose (branching, water solubility, energy storage length)

Highly branched, water insoluble, long term energy storage

Characteristics of amylopectin (branching, water solubility, number of glucose units)

Branched (not as much as amylose), water soluble, 1 million glucose units, short term energy

Where is glucose stored

Mostly liver, some in skeletal muscle

Is glycogen used for short, medium, or long term energy storage

Short

Is amylopectin used for short, medium, or long term energy storage

Medium

Is amylose used for short, medium, or long term energy storage

Long

Purpose of cellulose

Structural support in plants

Are cellulose and chitin homo- or hetero- polysaccharides

Homo-

Purpose of chitin

Structural support

Water solubility of chitin

Water insoluble

Where does glycolysis take place in

Cytosol

Chemical logic of Glucose to G6P in hydrolysis

More glucose enters cell due to concentration being low, Adding phosphate makes G6P and traps Glucose in cell, Increased G6P concentration pushes reaction forward, Sets up higher energy intermediate

Chemical logic of G6P to F6P

Makes more symmetrical molecule, OH on carbon 1 is easier to phosphorylate when out of ring

Chemical logic of F6P to F1,6bP

Rate limiting, Makes most symmetrical molecule, Push reversible forward

Chemical logic of F1,6bP to DHAP + G3P

Doesnt waste DHAP

Chemical logic of G3P to 1,3 bPG

Makes a high energy phosphate containing intermediate to later make ATP

Chemical logic of 3 PG to 2 PG

Makes another high energy phosphate intermediate to later make ATP

Chemical logic of PEP to PYR

Keep PEP conc low to pull all reversibles forward

Draw Glucose, G6P, F6P, F16bp, PEP, and PYR

Draw Lactate and ATP

What is the structural difference between NAD+ and NADH

NADH has an O- on one of its phosphates

What can happen to the pyruvate that is generated in glycolysis

Enter PDC/TCA, Become lactic acid, or Become alanine

Difference between autotroph and heterotroph

Autotroph can make their own food, heterotroph cant

What is the net gain for ATP, NADH, and Pyr in glycolysis

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyr

Why does the hydrolysis of ATP release energy

More entropy due to more products, better charge separation, more resonance than the reactants

Difference between organic and inorganic molecules

Organic molecules have C-H bonds

Are coenzymes organic or inorganic molecules

Organic

What does OIL RIG stand for

Oxidation Is Loss of electrons

Reduction Is Gain of electrons

Between NAD+ and NADH, which is more reduced and which is more oxidized

Nad+ is oxidized, NADH is reduced

Where does glucose come from to be used in glycolysis

Diet or from being stored in the liver