Hist/Relg Mid-Term

Where did George Whitfield preached his first sermons?

At a county jail

George Whitfield’s preaching style was influenced by this group of professionals, who often rented rooms at an inn his mother rented out.

Actors

The Wesley brothers began their first ministry in this North American colony

Georgia

Share one example of how Geroge Whitfield’s style of evangelism “eroded the cultural boundaries of the early American colonies” while also “building up new ones?” 

Because George was denied access to the pulpits he began to preach his teachings outside. This was seen as very untraditional and curious. His sermon about “New Birth” and his unusual presentation of his sermon must have been a contributing factor to building new cultural religious boundaries.

Name at least one theological or practical disagreement that eventually split the Methodists from the Anglican church.

Methodists practiced intense piety, emotional worship, and had high behavioral expectations for members and clergy.

While the Church of England was the most established church in the southern colonies, it was not able to take root very well.  Why was it so difficult to deeply root and expand Anglicanism in the southern colonies?

Anglican ministers weren’t fans of the environment ( swampy), and agriculture/plantations made neighbors somewhat far from each other. People were focused on agriculture and slavery rather than church.

How did George Whitfield and Benjamin Franklin mutually benefit each other’s work (ie how did Franklin’s business help Whitfield’s ministry and how did Whitfield’s ministry help Franklin’s printing company)?

Whitfield gave amazing sermons that Benjamin would enjoy and print. This mutually benefited them by giving Whitfield attention and Benjamin profits from printing.

Through the 18th century, it is believed that the largest religious gathering in one setting took place here (an estimated 20,000 people).

Boston Common

The doctrine of salvation was debated intensely by Arminians and Calvinists.  What were the specific beliefs of salvation that were held by each camp and provide one verse of Scripture that each used to defend their position.

Arminians believed sins could be forgiven and you could regain Gods grace if you confessed (2 Peter 3:9 (God is “not willing that any should perish”). While Calvinists believed only a select few would receive God’s grace (2 Peter 3:9 (God is “not willing that any should perish”).

Evangelism and the Enlightenment both emerged in the 18th century colonies.  How did the defense of “Old Lights” represent this tension?

Old lights were in favor of traditional religious ways, they preferred a calm and educated church and wanted to remain as one ( no splitting) I believe this represents enlightenment. New lights are pretty much the opposite, I believe this is Evangelism. 

Jonathan Edwards emerged as an influential theologian and pastor during this First Great Awakening in American history.  What defense did he provide to the Old Lights in response to their criticism of  revivalism?

From what I understood, he essentially calls people who were in favor of old lights judgemental for ridiculing revivalism. He thinks many who tried revivalism went home with conviction and heavy hearts because they are discovering more religion.

The First Great Awakening brought “democratizing impulses” that served as a forerunner to the American Revolution.  Cite at least one example of such “democratizing impulses.”

(page 82) “The soldiers opened the tomb, cut pieces from Whitefield’s clothing, and carried these relics as they marched. These soldiers drew a direct connection between the New Birth that Whitefield preached and the new nation they were battling to form.”

Form of rebellion against traditional ways.

Who wrote the influential pamphlet Common Sense?  What was one key idea from this pamphlet?

Thomas Paine. Told colonists to fight for what they believed in and to form their own ideas, basically to detach from England.

This colony became a “safe haven” for Catholic settlers during the 17th and early 18th century.

Maryland

Evangelicalism is derived from the Greek word Euangelion, which means

Gospel or goodnews

List and briefly define each of the four qualities of Evangelicalism according to historian David Bebbington?  These are called “The Bebbington Quadrilateral.”

Biblicist, holding high view and inspiration of scripture.

Crucicentric, centered on the cross as the site for human salvation.

Conversionist, should be eager for their own salvation and those of others. 

Activist, their faith should not only impact them, but those around them.

What is the theological belief of “penal substitution?

God sent his son, Jesus Christ, who paid for all of our sins.

Explain each of the colors within the three pages of Charles Spurgeon’s Wordless Book.

Black- Souls sinful condition

Red- Christ’s blood shed on the cross.

White- The cleansed soul.

On the eve of the American Revolution, it is estimated that _______________ of the American population were members of a church.

20% or fewer

On the eve of the American Revolution, it is estimated that the median size of the American church was________________________.

75

John Carroll assumed his position as Bishop of this community in the late 18th century, at the time the home of the largest population of Catholic residents in America.

Baltimore

Explain two examples of how John Carroll’s leadership intertwined with his interactions with Benjamin Franklin and how these interactions influenced American expressions of Catholicism.

John Carroll joined Benjamin Franklin and others set off to influence French Canadians to help them but failed. John joined Benjamin on the journey back, which may have played a role in Benjamin's liking of John. Then, Benjamin Franklin nominated John Carroll to the Pope to play a role in establishing a Catholic presence in the Colonies.

Carroll's vision for American Catholicism included which of these distinctive features during his tenure.

Support for a degree of lay governance that allowed trustees, not bishops, to hire and fire priests.

John Carroll established this seminary and preparatory academic academy in 1791 that is now:

Georgetown University

The massive immigration of Irish and continental European Catholics after 1800, as represented in the leadership of John Hughes, changed the character of American Catholicism by:

Pressing for greater papal authority and a more Roman identity, which clashed with Carroll's republican vision.

What did the Maclay Bill of 1842 intend to do?  What problems emerged as a result of this bill?

To end the New York school debate, which came with the compromise of control over the public school system and what was taught within them. There would be neutral religion talk but then this would leave no funds for strictly catholic schools.

John Hughes’ shared great concern with public education in New York in 1840.  Summarize his arguments about the state of public schools in the 1840’s.

He expressed that he did not appreciate the public school system giving students books and lessons criticizing other religions and practices. He did not like that children would go to school and be taught the opposite from home religion (Catholicism). He does not think that people should have to choose to not send their kids to school in fear of their faith being contradicted.

How did Hughes’ fierce advocacy of Irish Catholic communities also foment anti-Catholic sentiments?

After sticking up for himself and his religion, the Maclay Bill was passed. That same night furious mobs attacked Irish homes and churches out of rebellion. Although schools would now be neutral, Catholic schools would have to find another way to be funded because the Maclay bill prohibited Catholic schools from receiving assistance.

How did the “Know Nothing” political party that emerged in the mid-nineteenth century earn its name?

Because after they rigged ballots and harassed voters, if they were questioned they were instructed to say they “know nothing”.

What was Sister Blandina Segal’s lament when she visited Billy the Kid in prison in 1881?

She believes that repeat crimes can be avoided if only the killers had someone to guide them and check in on them. Religious morals can help avoid bad outcomes.

List the seven sacraments of Catholic doctrine.

Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance and Reconciliation, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, Matrimony.

Ichthys

Used as a symbol for Christian safe spaces in the Roman Empire when Christians were persecuted. Priests knew who was “friendly” and who wasn’t.

Apostes’ Creed and Role of Early Bishops such as Polycarp

Necessary because being able to read was not common. Back then, you had to worship Emperor Ceasar, however you cannot both worship God and Ceaser. Polycarp famously said “ I would rather feel temporary flames now, than the wrath of God later on.”

Constantine and the Edict of Milan

Emperor Constantine legalized being Christian

Significance of Gutenberg Bible

Finally a bible that was readable for the masses. Once the bible becomes understood, plants the seeds of reformation due to everyone's own understandings/takeaways.

The Protestant Reformation

Triggered by the printing of the Gutenberg bible and corruption in the roman catholic church.

Luther: 1517 and Sola Scriptura

Argues that priests are not the ultimate authority, that anyone can access and interpret the bible. Did not believe you could pay for forgiveness ( against the priests becoming wealthy).

Henry VIII

Wanted to divorce his wife, began the reformation of the church, splits from Catholic church, beginning of the Church of England.

Charles’ Scaffold Speech

King Charles was the only Monarch put to death, he said before his death “people are not actually free unless they’re properly governed." His point is that people need a single voice of authority for everyone's protection, to avoid chaos (divine right theory).

The Defeat of the Spanish Armada as a Turning Point in US Church History

Changed the world superpower, because England was given power they spread the Protestant religion wherever they colonized which led to splintering.

The tension between discovery and and Christian mission

Problems with people prioritizing rising the social ranks and becoming wealthy over being an active and Godly member of religious societies. 

The vision of the Purtians, 1630

City on a hill, a Godly society that would serve as an example for England and the rest of the world.

Winthrop’s City on a Hill

God has a covenant with the people, if you obey God's teachings/will he will multiply our generations. We will be a city on a hill, a light for the world to see.

Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson: the Challenge to the Puritan Vision

Puritans wanted a strict and holy society in the 1960s (city on a hill), both Anne and Roger publicly were against the idea of this conformity. They believed the people should have religious freedom, form their own opinions, and have individual rights. 

Anne- Held bible studies that contradicted puritan beliefs and advocated that people could experience God without ministers and broke gender roles. Banished.

Roger- advocated for the seperation of church and state and that it was wrong to steal alnd from Native Americans, banished and form Rhode Island.

King Phillip’s War, 1670’s

There's a tension between Natives and New England because consquistadors want native resources. 

The Causes of the First Great Awakening, 1730’s

Could have been the result of crisis, existential threats, collective remorse. People responded to these. Give three examples.

Biblicism, crucientrism, conversionism, activism. Define these

George Whitfeld: The Quintessential 1st “American” Pastor

Uniquely became the first American preacher. He preached wherever there were people that would listen. He was a good speaker, and good friends with Ben Franklin, who mass printed his sermons/speeches. Good for selling newspapers.

Charles Spurgeon’s Wordless Book

Simplified the gospel message to make it easier to comprehend.

Black- Sin

Red- Christ dying on the cross/ Christ's blood.

White- Salvation/transformation.

Arminianism vs Calvinism

A: Salvation is available to anyone through conversion and grace. 2 Peter 3:9:

C: Salvation is reserved only for “the elect”. Romans 8:29:

Methodism

Break from church of England, John and Charles Wesley, moved Westward quickly, trained pastors quickly. Started music in churches.

Old Lights and New Lights

Old lights had a more traditional standpoint: churches should be held in buildings and led by educated ministers. While new lights believed that one should preach anywhere they could and did not enforce highly educated ministers.

The four English “Migrations” from Albion’s Seed

Middle States: Pennsylvania/NY/NJ: FREEDOM TO MAKE MONEY, against corruption.

Borderlands/Appalachia: FREEDOM TO BE LEFT ALONE, Skeptical of formal education

and elevation of women, Libertarians.

New England: FREEDOM TO IMPOSE VIRTUE, A City on a Hill, Distrustful of Hierarchy.

Maryland/Virginia/CAROLINAS: FREEDOM TO MAINTAIN A, SOCIAL HIERACHY, Small Farms and Agriculture, Indentured Servitude.

The influence of John Locke and Enlightenment

Believed people had birth rights (life, liberty, and property), government gets power from its people, if government is corrupt the people can overthrow it, inspired thomas jefferson and the american and french revolution. 

Enlightenment- Not in favor of monarchy, preferred democracy.

The Differences between America’s 1st and 2nd Great Awakenings

1st- 18th century, primary purpose was to save souls for christ.

2nd- 19th century, primary purpose was saving souls and social reform.

The competing visions of John Caroll and John Hughes for Catholicism in America

Both had ideas for how they should establish Catholicism in New England. 

John Caroll- Americanized catholicism, religious liberty and democracy.

John Hughes- wanted to build a safe and strong community of catholics, Built schools to produce children that were not taught teachings against Catholicism.

The Temperance, Abolition, and Suffrage movements that sprang from the 2nd Great 

Awakening

Believed to be a national health crisis, begun by women and children who were victims of alcoholism and wanted change.

The Civil Was as a Theological Crisis

Both the North and South used the same bible to justify and criticize the other for using it to defend their actions. For example, the south using most sections of the bible except the exodus chapters to not give their slaves any ideas or hope of running.