GEED 020: Politics, Governance, and Citizenship - Lessons 1 to 8

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the concepts, theories, historical events, and institutions from Lessons 1 to 8 of GEED 020: Politics, Governance, and Citizenship.

Politics (Harold Lasswell)

The process famously defined as "who gets what, when, and how!", emphasizing the distribution of resources and power.

Politics (David Easton)

The "authoritative allocation of values" in society, highlighting decisions backed by legitimacy and authority.

Politics (Aristotle)

The activity through which humans achieve the "good life" in the polis (city-state), suggesting politics is inherent to human social existence.

Politics (Bernard Crick)

The activity by which differing interests are reconciled through dialogue and compromise.

Political Science

The systematic, academic study of politics that applies theories, concepts, research methods, comparative analysis, and empirical data to explain political phenomena.

Power (Max Weber)

The probability that an actor within a social relationship can carry out their will despite resistance.

Power (Robert Dahl)

The ability of actor A to get actor B to do something that B would not otherwise do.

Authority

Institutionalized power that is recognized as rightful, appropriate, and justified, securing obedience without constant coercion.

Legitimacy

The belief that authority is justified and deserves obedience, derived from legal procedures, tradition, religion, elections, or performance.

Traditional Authority

Max Weber's ideal type of authority where legitimacy is grounded in long-standing customs and inherited status, such as in monarchies and dynastic systems.

Charismatic Authority

Authority based on devotion to the exceptional sanctity, heroism, or exemplary character of an individual leader.

Legal-Rational Authority

Authority grounded in impersonal rules, laws, and constitutional offices rather than the individual person holding office.

Cultural Hegemony

Antonio Gramsci's concept explaining how dominant groups maintain power and control by shaping societal ideas, norms, and narratives so inequality is accepted as natural.

Agenda-Setting Power

A dimension of power advanced by Peter Bachrach and Morton Baratz involving the ability to determine which issues are discussed and which are kept off the table through non-decisions.

Ideological or Structural Power

The third dimension of power, developed by Steven Lukes, which shapes the preferences and perceptions of actors so they accept their position without questioning it.

State (Max Weber)

The human community that successfully claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.

Montevideo Convention (1933)

An international convention that established the four essential components of statehood: permanent population, defined territory, government, and sovereignty.

Internal Sovereignty

The ultimate and supreme authority of a state over its population and territory, with no higher domestic authority above it.

External Sovereignty

The recognition of a state as independent in international relations, legally insubordinate to any external state or authority.

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Historical treaties that institutionalized the modern principle of state sovereignty and non-interference in domestic affairs.

Government

The formal, structured, and legally authorized institutions and officials (executive, legislature, judiciary, bureaucracy) that make and enforce public decisions in a state.

Governance

The broad processes, mechanisms, networks, and interactions through which public, private, and civil society actors make and implement collective decisions.

New Public Management (NPM)

A governance model emerging in the 1980s influenced by market principles, emphasizing efficiency, performance measurement, privatization, and competition.

Network Governance

A collaborative governance model characterized by horizontal relationships, public-private partnerships, and multi-actor coordination emphasized by R. A. W. Rhodes.

Political Ideology

A coherent set of ideas that explains how society works (descriptive), evaluates what is wrong with it (normative), and proposes how it should be organized (prescriptive).

Liberalism

A political ideology associated with John Locke and John Stuart Mill emphasizing individual liberty, limited government, rule of law, private property, and constitutionalism.

Conservatism

A political ideology founded by Edmund Burke emphasizing tradition, social order, gradual reform, authority, and moral stability against radical disruption.

Socialism

A political ideology associated with Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels advocating economic equality, collective ownership or regulation of major industries, and redistribution of wealth.

Social Democracy

A moderate, reformist branch of socialism that accepts a market economy while maintaining strong welfare states, public services, and progressive taxation.

Fascism

An authoritarian, ultra-nationalist ideology characterized by centralized dictatorial power, militarism, suppression of opposition, and rejection of liberal democracy and socialism.

Barangay

The pre-colonial Filipino political unit composed of 30 to 100 families governed by a datu through customary law (adat) and kinship ties.

Reducción

The Spanish colonial policy of forcibly resettling native populations into organized centralized towns (pueblos) under the influence of the Church and colonial administration.

Principalia

The local native elite incorporated into Spanish colonial municipal administration, creating the historical foundation for elite and dynastic continuity in Philippine politics.

Propaganda Movement

The 19th-century reformist movement led by José Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Graciano López Jaena seeking representation in the Spanish Cortes, parish secularization, and legal equality.

Malolos Republic (1899)

The government established under the 1899 Malolos Constitution following the Philippine Revolution, recognized as Asia's first constitutional republic.

Freedom Constitution

The provisional governing framework under Proclamation No. 3 instituted by President Corazon Aquino following the 1986 EDSA Revolution pending the 1987 Constitution.

1987 Philippine Constitution

The anti-authoritarian charter drafted by a 48-member Constitutional Commission and ratified on February 2, 1987, restoring democratic governance, checks and balances, and human rights.

Separation of Powers

The constitutional doctrine articulated by Montesquieu dividing governmental authority among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent tyranny and concentration of power.

Power of the Purse

The exclusive legislative authority held by Congress to approve the national budget, impose taxes, and authorize government expenditures.

Treaty Concurrence

The constitutional check requiring the concurrence of at least two-thirds of all members of the Senate for any treaty negotiated by the President to become valid.