ap human

catastrophe

a sudden, devastating event that causes widespread destruction, loss of life, or severe disruption to human society, infrastructure, and ecosystems

j-curve

a graphical representation of exponential population growth that resembles the letter "J"

S-curve

a graphical model that depicts logistic growth

Neo-Malthusians

modern thinkers and theorists who update Thomas Malthus’s 1798 population theory for the contemporary world

Ester Boserup

a 20th-century Danish economist who theorized that population growth acts as the main driver for agricultural innovation and intensification

pronatalist

a government program that encourages people to have more children to raise the birth rate and total fertility rate (TFR)

antinatalist

a government strategy designed to discourage births and slow down population growth

gendercide

Gendercide is the systematic, deliberate extermination of a specific gender or sex

eugenics

the discredited, unscientific practice of attempting to improve the human population's genetic composition through selective breeding

ESPN factors

Economic, Social, Political, and Natural/Environment

dependency ratio

a measure that compares the portion of a population that is typically not working (dependents) to the portion that is typically in its economically productive working years (ages 15–64)

degenerative diseases

a long-lasting illness that develops as people age and as infectious diseases decline

life expectancy

the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live based on current social, economic, and medical conditions

negative growth

situation where a country's crude death rate (CDR) exceeds its crude birth rate (CBR), resulting in a negative natural increase rate (NIR) and an overall shrinking population size

stages 4 & 5

refer to the final phases of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM), which explains how a country's population changes as it develops economically.

ESPN push/pull factors,

Economic, Social, Political, and New / Environmental