Fashion History Chapters 1-4

Why do people wear clothing?

Protection, decoration, modesty, and immodesty.

What are the three main categories of clothing development?

Sarong or loin clothing, draped clothing, and tailored clothing.

What are animal hides used for in early clothing?

Animal skins used as clothing materials.

What is felt?

A textile material made by matting fibers together.

What are examples of bark fibers used for clothing?

Mulberry and fig.

What are examples of vegetable fibers used for clothing?

Flax, hemp, and cotton.

Which animals are associated with fur used for clothing in the slides?

Llama, alpaca, and vicuña (wild llama).

What is a sarong in the clothing-development sequence?

Loin clothing.

What is draped clothing?

Clothing formed by wrapping or arranging material around the body.

What is tailored clothing?

Clothing constructed to fit the body through cutting and sewing.

What evidence helps historians study Mesopotamian clothing?

Statuettes and bas-reliefs.

What characterized Mesopotamian clothing?

Draped clothes and fringed shawls.

What clothing items are associated with Persian influence in the Mesopotamian section?

Caftan, pants, and closed boots.

Why were Assyrian-Babylonian garments relatively simple in form?

The hot climate.

What garment was worn by kings and gods in Assyrian-Babylonian costume?

A large draped shawl.

What was a horned tiara?

A horned headdress worn by men in Assyrian-Babylonian costume.

What characterized Assyrian-Babylonian battle costume?

A short fringed tunic, wide belt, and conical leather-lined helmet; later armor, trousers, and high boots.

What is a fringe or tassel?

A border of hanging threads, cords, or tassels.

What evidence helps historians study Egyptian clothing?

Statuettes and wall paintings.

What was a schenti?

An Egyptian loincloth.

What was a kalasiris?

A fringed Egyptian tunic.

What was a haik?

A draped garment associated with the Egyptian upper class.

What fabric was associated with Egyptian clothing and hygiene?

Fine linen.

What evidence helps historians study Minoan clothing?

Frescoes, painted pots, and statuettes.

What characterized women's clothing in Minoan Crete?

Fitted clothing, including a blouse and a bell-shaped or tiered skirt.

What characterized men's clothing in Minoan Crete?

Loincloths and tunics.

What was distinctive about Minoan clothing and artifacts?

The richness of the artifacts and the elaborate clothing.

What evidence helps historians study Greek costume?

Statues, painted pots, and bas-reliefs.

What was a chiton?

A Greek tunic that could be long or short.

What was a Doric chiton generally made of?

Wool.

What was an Ionic chiton generally made of?

Linen.

How did social class affect Greek clothing colors?

The upper classes had more freedom to wear colored garments.

What was a chlamys?

A Greek cloak.

What was a himation?

A Greek draped outer garment or cloak.

What was a chlamydon?

A garment worn by Greek women, described as a narrow version of the himation worn over the right shoulder.

What characterized Greek hairstyles?

Long hair for men and women, elaborate curling and frizzing, and artificial hair for women.

What headgear did Greek women wear?

Fillets, gold-and-stone tiaras, and ribbons.

How did Greek men's facial hair vary with age?

Younger men shaved; older men wore beards.

What footwear did poorer Greeks wear?

They often went barefoot.

What footwear did wealthy Greeks wear?

Sandals.

What evidence helps historians study Etruscan costume?

Statues and wall paintings.

How was Etruscan clothing constructed?

Both sewn and draped.

What was a tebenna?

A shawl worn by noble Etruscan men and women, similar to the Roman toga.

What characterized Etruscan women's dresses?

Long, tight-fitting robes without a girdle, with half sleeves and sometimes a slit at the back.

What characterized Etruscan footwear?

High, laced boots with turned-up toes, associated with Asia Minor.

What evidence helps historians study Roman clothing?

Statues, mosaic tiles, and bas-reliefs.

What was the toga praetexta?

A toga worn by free-born boys.

What was the toga virilis in the slides?

A white toga worn for a ceremony.

What color toga was associated with mourning?

A dark toga.

What was the toga's significance in Roman society?

It was an outer garment and a badge of Roman citizenship.

What was a Roman tunic?

A garment made from two pieces of cloth sewn together, put over the head, and gathered at the waist with a belt.

How could Roman tunics vary?

Their lengths varied according to the occasion.

What was a dalmatic?

A garment with elbow-length sleeves.

What was a subacula?

A Roman undergarment.

What was a tunica exteriorum?

An over-tunic, described in the slides as a longer tunic.

What was a pileus?

A rimless cap.

What was a cuculus?

A type of hood.

What was a strophium?

An unstiffened type of bust-bodice worn by Roman women.

What was a stola?

A woman's garment worn over the tunic.

What was a pella?

Women's outdoor clothing in ancient Rome.

What influenced Roman women's hairdressing and head coverings?

Greek-style veils and the Egyptian-influenced tutulus.

What was a carbatina?

Roman footwear classified as sandals or shoes in the slides.

What was a calceus?

Roman footwear classified as sandals or shoes in the slides.

What was a soccus?

A type of Roman slipper.

What were gallicae?

Buskins or closed boots.

What influenced Byzantine clothing?

Oriental influences, including rich colors, fringes, tassels, and jewels.

What happened to the simplicity of old Roman dress in Byzantium?

It gave way to more colorful, decorated clothing.

What was the general idea behind Byzantine dress in the slides?

To conceal and obscure the body.

What was a dalmatica?

A tunic with clavi; the slides also associate it with Catholic ceremonial dress.

What were the Teutons' early garments?

Short tunics made of leather, later wool or linen, worn with breeches or baggy trousers.

What characterized Gothic clothing in the early Europe section?

Sleeved linen tunics edged with fur.

What happened to Teutonic clothing over time?

It gradually became Romanized.

What evidence helps historians study early French costume?

Excavations, miniatures, and manuscripts.

What was a gonelle?

A knee-length tunic.

What were braies?

Breeches or trousers.

What characterized early French women's costume?

A long tunic called a stola and a palla, a kind of scarf.

What characterized early French men's costume?

An under-tunic, a tunic with a colored-silk border, a short semicircular cloak fastened with a brooch, and braies.

What evidence helps historians study early English costume?

Tapestries, miniatures, and manuscripts.

What was a kirtle?

A tunic or dress worn by women.

What was a roc in early English women's clothing?

A super-tunic worn over the tunic or kirtle.

What characterized early English women's clothing and headwear?

A tunic or kirtle, a super-tunic or roc, a mantle, and a veil or head-rail.

What characterized early English men's clothing?

A short tunic with a narrow gold border, a cloak, and hose.

What change did Danish men make in early European fashion?

They adopted French modes after being associated with long hair and bracelets.

What influenced clothing in early Spain?

Oriental materials and garments brought by returning Crusaders.

What was a bliaud?

A button-down gown with long, wide sleeves at the wrist.

What head coverings were worn by early Spanish women?

A veil or wimple.

What characterized early Spanish men's clothing?

A tunic, cloak, and hose using Oriental materials.

What were breeches or braies?

Ankle-length trousers; nobles wore fitted versions, while lower classes wore loose, baggy versions.

What were hose or chausses?

A type of stocking.

What changed in tunics during the 12th century?

They became more closely fitted, with sleeves that widened sharply at the wrist.

How did the hood develop in the 12th-century clothing description?

It became a small shoulder-length cape attached to a cloak.

What characterized upper-class women's gowns in the 12th century?

A close fit down to the hips, followed by a wide skirt falling in folds to the feet.

How did the 12th-century super-tunic fit?

It became more closely fitted, with wider sleeves.

What headgear did women wear in the 12th century?

A veil and a wimple or gorget.

What characterized Romanesque architecture?

Rounded arches and thick pillars.

What characterized Gothic architecture and religious art?

Tall pillars, high curved ceilings, and pointed arches.

What evidence helps historians study costume in the second half of the 14th century?

Paintings, sculptures, and sepulchral monuments.

What important development appeared in costume in the second half of the 14th century?

Something recognizable as fashion began to emerge.

What was a gipon?

A doublet padded at the front to enlarge the chest and worn much shorter.

What was a cote-hardie?

A low-necked, tight-fitting super-tunic buttoned down the front.