DNA Replication, Transcription, and Protein Translation

2 types of genetic material

DNA and RNA

DNA’s nitrogenous bases are

guanine, cytosone, adenosine, and thymine

RNA’s nitrogenous bases are

guanine, cytosine, adenosine, and uracil

Replication is

making a complete copy of DNA that will be passed to the next generation

Both DNA and RNA are

polymers made up of 3 parts: 5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

5 carbon sugars form

the backbone of polymers

Nitrogenous bases give

the identity/chemical nature to nucleotides, like how R groups give behavior to amino acids

2 classes of nitrogenous bases

• purines: double ring structure

• pyrimidines: single ring structure

Are adenine and guanine purines or pyrimidines?

purines

Are cytosine, thymine, and uracil purines or pyrimidines?

pyrimidines

Phosphate gives nucleic acids a _____ charge

slight negative

Why is DNA difficult to break?

It is double stranded

The information in RNA is

ephemeral (short lived)

5 carbon sugar prime # 1

attaches the nitrogenous base

5 carbon sugar prime # 2

OH→ ribose, H→ deoxyribose

5 sugar carbon # 3

always has a hydroxyl group

5 sugar carbon prime # 5

will be attached to 1-3 phosphate groups

Phosphate groups are attached to which 5 carbon sugar?

prime #5

Energy source to form polymers comes from phosphate because

breaking phosphate bonds releases enough energy to form a phosphodiester bond