Reviewer for Lessons 14 to 21 (Third Period Lessons)

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering Lessons 14 through 21 on Science, Technology, and Health in Society, Vaccine Science, Genetic Engineering, Nanotechnology, Ethical Dilemmas, Climate Change, Environmental Awareness, and Sustainable Technological Solutions.

Long COVID

Symptoms that continue for months after COVID-19, affecting daily life.

Cardiovascular Diseases

Diseases of the heart and blood vessels, including heart attacks and strokes, with risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, and unhealthy diets.

Lower Respiratory Infections

Infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis that affect breathing.

HIV/AIDS

A condition in which HIV attacks the immune system and can lead to AIDS.

Wearable Health Technology

Devices such as smartwatches and fitness trackers that monitor health; includes ADAMM, which helps monitor asthma and warn of an impending attack.

Telemedicine

Technology that allows patients to consult doctors remotely through video calls.

Robotic Surgery

The use of robotic systems controlled by surgeons to perform precise procedures, often with smaller incisions.

mRNA Technology

Technology used in COVID-19 vaccines and currently being researched for other diseases.

Vaccine

A preparation that helps the immune system recognize and fight a disease.

Antigen

A substance that triggers an immune response, such as weakened or killed pathogens, parts of pathogens, or inactivated bacterial toxins.

Antibody

A protein that helps the body recognize and fight specific pathogens.

Immunization

The process of becoming resistant to an infectious disease.

Herd Immunity

Community protection that occurs when enough people are immune to a disease.

Active Immunity

Immunity that occurs when the body produces its own immune response after infection or vaccination, usually lasting longer.

Passive Immunity

Immunity that occurs when a person receives antibodies from another source (such as during pregnancy or through blood products), usually lasting weeks or months.

Natural Immunity

Immunity gained through natural infection.

Vaccine-Induced Immunity

Immunity developed through vaccination.

Genetic Engineering

The process of changing an organism's DNA to modify or improve its characteristics; also called genetic modification.

DNA

Genetic material carrying an organism's instructions.

Gene

A section of DNA associated with a specific function or trait.

Golden Rice

Modified rice that produces beta-carotene, which the body can convert into vitamin A.

Recombinant DNA

DNA formed by combining genetic material from different sources.

Plasmid

A small, circular DNA molecule often used to carry genes.

Insulin

A hormone that helps regulate blood sugar.

DNA Extraction

The step in crop genetic engineering of obtaining DNA from an organism with the desired trait.

Gene Cloning

The step in crop genetic engineering of locating and copying the desired gene.

Gene Modification

The step in crop genetic engineering of altering the gene to achieve the desired effect.

Transformation

The step in crop genetic engineering of introducing the gene into target cells.

Backcross Breeding

The step in crop genetic engineering of crossing modified plants with selected plant lines to develop improved crops.

Nanotechnology

The science, engineering, and technology of working with extremely small materials, structures, and devices at the nanoscale of approximately $1-100\,\text{nanometers}$.

Nanometer

A unit of measurement equal to one-billionth of a meter ($1\,\text{nm} = 10^{-9}\,\text{m}$).

Richard Feynman

Physicist who discussed the concept of nanotechnology in 1959 in his talk "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom."

Norio Taniguchi

The individual who coined the term "nanotechnology."

Nanomanufacturing

The reliable and cost-effective production of nanoscale materials, structures, devices, and systems.

Bottom-up Fabrication

A nanomanufacturing approach that builds materials up from atoms and molecules.

Top-down Fabrication

A nanomanufacturing approach that reduces larger materials into nanoscale components, often producing excess waste.

Nanoscale

A size range of approximately $1-100\,\text{nanometers}$.

Ethics

The standards and values that define what is good or right, asking the question "What should we do?"

Ethical Dilemma

A situation in which a person must choose between two or more conflicting options, but none fully resolves the moral problem.

Human Rights Principle

An ethical consideration stating that people have the right to choose whether to adopt genetically modified technology.

Utilitarian Consideration

An ethical consideration weighing the possible benefits against the harms to people and the environment.

Virtue Theory

An ethical framework encouraging wise discovery, innovation, and careful regulation.

Industrial Agriculture

An agricultural practice that may consume more energy and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.

Sustainable Agriculture

An agricultural practice that helps provide food while reducing environmental harm.

Climate Change

Long-term changes in Earth's temperature and weather patterns.

Weather

Short-term atmospheric conditions that change quickly.

Climate

The long-term weather patterns of a particular place.

Global Warming

The gradual increase in Earth's average temperature due to heat being trapped in the atmosphere.

Greenhouse Gases

Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere.

Deforestation

Clearing or removing forests, which reduces the absorption of carbon dioxide.

Mitigation

A response approach focused on reducing the causes of climate change.

Adaptation

A response approach focused on adjusting to the effects and impacts of climate change.

Environment

All the physical, chemical, biological, and social factors surrounding living organisms that influence their lives.

Natural Environment

Environmental component comprising mountains, rivers, plants, animals, sunlight, and wind.

Built Environment

Human-made structures and modified landscapes, such as buildings and roads.

Social/Cultural Environment

Cultural values, beliefs, traditions, and social relationships surrounding living organisms.

Spatial Environment

The environmental aspect concerning location, distance, and regional differences.

Environmental Sensitivity

A person's awareness, understanding, and concern for environmental issues, along with a willingness to act responsibly.

Environmental Awareness

Understanding environmental problems and recognizing the importance of protecting nature from human-caused damage.

Environmentalism

The belief that humans have a responsibility to respect, protect, and preserve the natural world.

Environmental Sustainability

Using natural resources responsibly to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Technological Innovation

The creation or improvement of technologies, products, processes, or services to solve problems, improve efficiency, and enhance quality of life.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

A sustainable technology that captures carbon dioxide from industrial processes and stores it underground.

Solar Glass

Glass surfaces engineered to capture sunlight and convert it into electricity.

Smart Grids

Electricity networks that improve electricity distribution, enhance energy management, and help reduce energy waste and emissions.

Environmental Sensors

Devices that monitor environmental conditions including air and water quality, pollution, and resource usage.

Electric Vehicles (EVs)

Vehicles that reduce vehicle-related air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions compared with traditional gasoline-powered vehicles.

Technological Lock-In

A drawback where outdated or unsustainable technologies continue to be used.

Digital Divide

Unequal access to digital technology that can increase social inequality.

E-Waste

Discarded electronic devices and equipment that can create hazardous waste when improperly disposed of.