Human Growth & Development

the statement “the ego is dependent on the id” would most likely reflect the work of

sigmund Freud

Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s dvelopmental research inasmuch as

his findings were often derived fromm observing his own children

in piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to

volume or mass

a child masters conservation in the piagetian stage known as

the concrete operational stage.

___________ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development

Lawrence Kohlberg

egocentrism

conveys the fact that the child cannot view the world from the vanatge point of someone else

The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg’s theory as

a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered

Heinz Dilemma

assesses the level and stage of moral development in an individualthrough a moral reasoning scenario.

Kohlberg’s three levels of morality are

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

In Kohlberg’s first or preconventional level, the individual’s moral behavior is guided by

consequences

Kohlberg’s second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by

a desire to live up to society’s expectations and a desire to confirm

Kohlberg’s highest level of morality is termed post conventional morality. here the individual

has self-imposed morals and ethics

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles

is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level

The zone of proximal development

was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky

The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is

Harry Harlow

The statement: “Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations” is

true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin

In Harry Harlow’s experiments with baby monkeys

the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother

In adolescence

males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often

In the general U.S. population

suicide rates tend to increase with age

The fear of death

is greatest during middle age

In freudian theory, attachment is a major factor

which evolves primarily during the oral stage

When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general

a) girls grow up to smile more

b) girls are using more feeling words by age 2

c) girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age

d) all of the above

d

Stage theorists assume

differences surely exist but usually can’t be measured

Development is cephalocaudal, which means

head to foot

Piaget’s final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage

abstract thinking emerges and problems can be solved using deduction

Kohlberg lists _______stages of moral development which fall into ______ levels

6, 3

freud’s Oedipus complex

occurs during phallic stage; fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur

The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stages is

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing

an apparatus known as a visual cliff

Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as

empiricists

Empiricism is often said to be the

forerunner of behaviorism

organicists feel that

change can be internal

An empiricist view of development would be

behavioristic

In the famous experiment by Harry Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers

ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogates

A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered

object permanence and representational thought

The schema of permanency and constancy of objects occurs

sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)

The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life

appeared to be autistic

The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to

the study of animals’ behavior in their natural enviornment

Piaget’s preoperational stage

includes acquisition of a symbolic schema

The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best described the work of

Bowlby

Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counselign session. The term that best describes the phenomenon

sibling rivalry

primal scene

psychoanalytic concept that suggests that a child witnesses his parents having sexual intercourse or is seduced by a parent

preconscious material

is not conscious but can be recalled with psychoanalytic techniques

BASIC-ID

Behavior, Affective Responses, Sensations, Imagery, Cognitions, Interpersonal Relationships, and Drugs

A preschool child’s concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to

Piaget’s preoperational period, ages 2-7

Which theorists was most concerned with maternal deprivation

Harry Harlow

The statement “bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not” most closely associates with

Kohlberg’s premoral stage at the preconventional level

A critical period

makes imprinting possible, signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior wont be learned at all

Imprinting - rapid learning during a critical period of development - is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by

Konrad Lorenz

Marital Satisfaction

often decreases with parenthood and often improves after a child leaves home

To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow

interviewed the best people he could find who escape “the psychology of the average”

Piaget is

a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative

There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists

allow clients to work through early conflicts

Robert Kegan speaks of a “holdign environment” in counseling in which

the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction

What is included in Maslow’s self-esteem level of needs

to have confidence, individuals need to develop self-esteem and receive the respect of others

Describe Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of cognitive development

Birth to 2 years, symbolic function, object permanence

Describe Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development

2 to 7 years, symbolic thought (imagination)

Describe Piaget’s concrete operational stage of cognitive development

7 to 11 years, relate experience to an organized whole; can explore several possible solutions to a problem without adopting one

Describe Kohlberg’s Stage 1 pre-conventional level of moral development

rule following because breaking rules may lead to punishment. reasoning is egocentric

Describe Kohlberg’s Stage 2 pre-conventional level of moral development

observe moral standards because it is in their interest, following rules only when it is in the person’s immediate interests.

Describe Kohlberg’s Stage 3 conventional level of moral development

individuals define morality in reference to what is expected by those with whom they have a close relationship. Virtue is achieved through maintaining trusting and loyal relationships

Describe Kohlberg’s Stage 4 conventional level of moral development

Individuals reflect higher levels of abstraction in understanding law’s significance. Only violate laws when they conflict with social duties. Observance of the law is seen as necessary to maintain the protections that the legal system provides to all.

Describe Kohlberg’s Stage 5 post-conventional level of moral development

Individual becomes aware that while rules and laws exist for the good of the greatest number, there are times when they will work against the interest of particular individuals.

Describe Kohlberg’s Stage 6 post-conventional level of moral development

Individuals have developed their own set of moral guidelines, which may or may not fit with the law.

What does Freud identify as the two primary elements that contribute to the development of the perseonality

Natural growth and maturation; learning and experiential processes

What did Anna Freud propose about defense mechanisms

unconscious process in which the ego attempts to expel anxiety-provoking sexual and aggressive impulses from consciousness

Changes in human growth and development that are qualitative are

changes in structure or organization

What is the most common family structure in teh United States as of 2020

married couple households

Which of the following is a general adaptation syndrome (GAS) stage

resistance

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

developed by Hans Selye to explain the effects of stress upon the human body

General adaptation syndrome stages

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Which of the following pairs does NOT represent John Holland’s six personality types

Exploratory and directive

John Holland’s six personality types

realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional

Freud is to ego, id, and superego as ________is to parent, adult, and child

Eric Berne

Fritz Perls is associated to

Gestalt Therapy

Carl Jung is associated with

Analystic Psychology

Alfred Adler is associated with

individual psychology

What type of theory includes retroflection

Gestalth theory

Retroflection

doing to oneself what one wishes to do to someone else

Henry, a 72 year old widower, reminisces with his daughter about his life. He talks about his successes and regrest. This is an example of erikson’s

ego integrity

Erikson’s generativity stage

involves middle-aged adults who are launching their own children, dealing with an empty nest, and working toward retirement

Cody does what his parents say because he doesnt want to lose his television privileges. This is an example of what level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral devel

preconventional

Which of these groups does NOT represent three of Donald Super’s nine major life roles

mentor, employer, and advisor

Donald Super’s nine life roles

child, student, citizen, spouse, homemaker, parent, worker, leisurite, and pensioner