Human Development - Chapter 6

What is emotional regulation (effortful control)?

The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed; self-concept developed within this process.

T or F: Parents who help children calm down during tantrums are teaching them emotional regulation.

True.

Describe Erik Erickson’s third psychosocial crisis: initiative vs. guilt.

Children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they are unsuccessful; optimistic self-concept protects children from guilt & shame and encourages learning.

• Child wanting to put their shoes on independently; feel guilty if unsuccessful.

What is motivation? What are the types?

Motivation: impulses that propels someone to act; comes from a person’s own desires or social context.

Types:

• Intrinsic motivation.

• Extrinsic motivation.

Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation.

Intrinsic: drive, or reason to pursue a goal; comes from within the person (e.g. imaginary friends).

Extrinsic: drive, or reason to pursue a goal; comes from the need to have achievements rewarded from outside.

What is empathy?

The ability to understand and appreciate the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when they differ from one’s own.

What is antisocial behavior?

Actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person.

What does empathy lead to? What does antipathy lead to?

Empathy → compassion & prosocial actions.

Antipathy → antisocial behavior; verbal insults, social exclusion, and physical attacks.

T or F: Play is universal and the most productive and enjoyable activity that a child can undertake.

True.

Mildred Parten (1932) claimed that play is intrinsic, what are his five stages of increasingly advanced social play?

1. Solitary: Child plays alone, unaware of children nearby.

2. Onlooker: A child watches other children play.

3. Parallel: Children play in similar ways but not together.

4. Associative: Children interact, sharing materials or activities, but not taking turns.

5. Cooperative: Children play together, creating dramas or taking turns.

How does social play benefit children from the ages of 2 to 6?

• Learn to join a peer group.

• Conflict management.

• Sharing & taking turns.

• Easier to find friends.

• Emotional regulation, empathy, cultural understanding.

What is risky play?

Play that may cause injury; rough-and-tumble, wrestling, climbing trees, sledding, etc.

Describe rough-and-tough play.

Mimics aggression (wrestling, chasing, hitting) but no intention to harm.

• More common among young males.

• Advances social understanding.

What is sociodramatic play?

A way of play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories they create (family games).

• Explore/rehearse social roles.

• Test ability to explain.

• Regulate emotions, develop self-concept.

T or F: Children today are less active because of screen time.

True.

What can excess screentime cause?

• Reduction in conversation, imagination, and exercise → obesity, emotional immaturity, and less intellectual growth.

T or F: 75 studies have shown that girls have strong preferences for “girl” toys (dolls), and boys have strong preferences for “boy” toys (trucks).

True.

What are the four dimensions of caregiving styles highlighted by Baumrind?

Parents differ on four important dimensions:

• Expressions of warmth.

• Strategies for discipline.

• Communication.

• Expectations for maturity.

Explain each of Baumrind’s four dimensions.

1. Expressions of warmth: from very affectionate to cold and critical.

2. Strategies for discipline: parents vary in whether and how they explain, critique, persuade, ignore, and punish.

3. Communication: some parents listen patiently to their kids, others demand silence.

4. Expectations for maturity: parents vary in the standards they set for their children regarding responsibility and self-control.

What are Baumrind’s styles of caregiving?

1. Authoritarian: high behavioral standards, strict punishment, and little communication.

2. Permissive: high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control.

3. Authoritative: parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children.

4. Neglectful: child behavior ignored or not noticed; behavior similar to those of permissive, but parents do not care.

What are some long term effects for each Baumrind style of caregiving?

1. Authoritarian → obedient, quiet, but not happy; guilt, depression, self-deprecating; adolescents sometimes rebel.

2. Permissive → lack self-control; inadequate emotional regulation, immaturity, unhappy; continue living at home and rely on their parents.

3. Authoritative → successful, articulate, happy; generous with others; liked by teachers and peers.

4. Neglectful → immature, sad, lonely, at risk of injury and abuse; lifelong.

What is discipline?

Training that develops self-control and obedience, usually from punishment.

What is physical punishment?

Disciplining techniques that hurt the body of someone; spanking → serious harm (including death).

• Culturally dependent.

• Most 2-5 yr olds have reported in the last month.

Among which groups is physical punishment more common?

• Southern U.S.

• Conservative Christians.

• Mothers.

• Low-SES families.

What is another common name for physical punishment?

Corporal punishment.

T or F: Spanking increases obedience for life and decreases the possibility of later aggression, bullying, and abusive behaviors.

False. Spanking increases temporary obedience, but leads to aggression, bullying, and abusive behaviors.

T or F: Children who are not spanked are more likely to develop self-control.

True.

What are some other ways to punish?

• Psychological control.

• Time-out.

• Induction.

What is psychological control? Provide an example.

Disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love & support; relies on guilt.

What is Time-out?

Disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people and activities for a specified time.

What is Induction?

Disciplinary technique in which a parent tries to get the child to understand why a certain behavior was wrong. Listening, not lecturing, is crucial.

Why is teaching children morals important?

• Protecting, cooperating, and caring are part of species survival.

  • Morals allow children to develop a sense of right and wrong, which is an outgrowth of attachment and social awareness.

T or F: Aggression decreases as children mature.

True.

Children use aggression selectively. What are some forms of aggression?

• Instrumental: hurtful behavior that is intended to get something another person had and to keep it.

• Reactive: impulsive retaliation for another person’s intentional or accidental action (verbal or physical).

• Relational: nonphysical act; insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people.

• Bullying: unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who can’t defend themselves.

What are the harm prevention levels for children?

Injury control: reducing the potential neg. consequences of behavior; ex. safety surfaces at playground.

Primary prevention: actions that change background conditions to prevent unwanted event.

Secondary: actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation; ex. seatbelts in car.

Tertiary: actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, after an illness or injury.

What kills the most children in the United States? Hint, this cause kills more than all other causes combined.

Accidents.

How do motor deaths differ in poor nations compared to rich nations?

Poor: pedestrian struck.

Rich: passenger.

Why are children between the ages of 2 and 6 more likely to be seriously hurt than slightly older children?

• Uninhibited impulses.

• Families overestimate how much kids understand.

• Lack of safeguards → unsafe situations.

What is child maltreatment?

The intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18.

• Involves one or both parents.

• Not rare or sudden.

Define the following: child abuse, child neglect, sustained maltreatment, reported maltreatment.

Child abuse: deliberate action that is harmful towards a kids physical, emotional, or sexual well-being.

Child neglect: failure to meet a child’s basic physical, educational, or emotional needs.

Substantiated maltreatment: harm or endangerment that has been reported, investigated, and verified.

Reported maltreatment: harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities.

Provide statistics regarding substantiated maltreatment.

62% were neglect, 11% physical abuse, 7% sexual abuse, 16% multiple forms of abuse, 6% other.

T or F: Trends since 2010 suggest that rates of child maltreatment are on the rise.

True, neglect is almost as high as it was, even when other forms of maltreatment are reduced.

The effects of maltreatment are devastating and long lasting. What are some consequences that mistreated and neglected children can experience?

• Regarding people as hostile and exploitative.

• Less friendly, more aggressive, and more isolated.

• Greater social deficits.

• Large and enduring economic consequences.

T or F: Rates of substantiated cases of child maltreatment have declined since its peak in 1993.

True.

Why is adoption difficult for older children?

• Judges and biological parents are reluctant to give them to adoption.

• Most adoptive parents want infants.

• Some agencies screen out couples who are not heterosexual.

What are some plans for the future that can help reduce child maltreatment?

• Permanency planning: child-welfare authorities better effort to find long-term living, stability, and support for a maltreated child

  • Avoid repeated caregiver/school changes.

• Foster care: when a person is cared for by someone other than the parents.

• Kinship care: form of foster in which a relative, usually a grandmother, becomes the approved caregiver.