anatomy

functions of the thoracic cage

protects the heart, lungs, blood vessels, and kidneys. provides attachment points for muscle of the neck, back, chest, and shoulders

what’s the thoracic cage

bones of the chest, including thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and ribs

sternum

known as the breastbone

what 3 bones are the fused together to make the sternum

manubrim, body, xiphoid process

manubrim

top of sternum, attaches to the clavicles

body

middle of sternum, attaches to the costal cartilage of the ribs

xiphoid process

pointy bottom of sternum, serves as an attachment point for muscles

function of sternum

protects the heart

how many ribs do people have

24 total, 12 pairs

what do ribs attach to posteriorly (toward the back) ?

to the thoracic vertebrae

what do ribs attach to anteriorly (toward the front)

the sternum through the costal cartilage

what pairs are true ribs

1-7

where do true ribs attach to

to the sternum through an individual piece of costal cartilage

what pairs are false ribs

ribs 8-12

what do false ribs attach to

the sternum through a shared piece of costal cartilage or don’t attach at all

what ribs are floating ribs

11-12

do floating ribs attach to the sternum?

not at all

what is the vertebral column

the backbone spine, or spinal column, made of 26 separate irregular bones

functions of vertebral column

supports the upper body, protects the spinal cord, provides points of attachments to other bones

why is vertebral column curved

to help distribute pressure across the entire spine

how many vertebrae are in the cervical vertebrae

7 vertebrae, found in neck

what’s the smallest vertebrae

the cervic

what is the cervic also known as

atlas (c1) and axis (c2)

function of atlas, c1

supporting the head articulates with the occiptal condyles , allowing you to nod “yes”

function of axis (C2)

has knoblike dens that the atlas pivots upon, to shake your head “no”

how many vertebrae are in the thoracic vertebrae

12

what size is the thoracic vertebrae

medium

what is the largest vertebrae

lumbar

how many vertebrae are in the lumbar

5

what part of the vertebral column is attached to the hip bones

the sarum

how manybones are in the sacrum

5, fusing together by age 30

what’s the coccyx also known as

tailbone

how many bones are in coccyx

4

how many curves are in the spine

4, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral

what are vertebrae separated by in vertebral column

by interval discs, fibrocartilage

what is “text neck”

when cervical curvature disappears

what is kyphosis

“hunchback”, extreme thoracic curvature

what’s lordosis

extreme lumbar curvature

what’s scoliosis

curvature of entire spine

what’s in the lower limb

thigh, leg, and foot

what is the thigh made of

femur and patella

what’s the leg made of

tibia and fibula

what’s foot made of

tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

femur

thigh bone

what’s the longest and strongest bone

femur

what fits into acetabulum of hips

femur

where is patella located

patella

function of patella

sesamoid bone found in quadrieps femoris protects, tendon , the knee joint from wear and tear

tibia

medial and shin bone, weight bearing bone 2 largest

fibula

lateral, non weight bearing, helps with balance and stability

how many short bones are in tarsals

7, making up the ankle, including the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, lateral cuneiform, medial cuneiform, and intermediate cuneiform

how many bones make up metatarsals

5 bones in the foot

where are tarsals

in ankle

where are metatarsals

in the foot

what are phalanges

toe bones

how many bones are in phalanges

14 , big toe containing two

what’s the upper limb broken into

the arm, forearm, and hand

what does the arm contain

the humerus

what does the forearm contain

radius and ulna

what does the hand contain

carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

what;s the longest and strongest bone in the upper extremity

the humerus

humerus joints with what bones

scapula, radius, and ulna

where is the radius located

on thumb side, main part of wrist joint

function of radius

rotate, causing palm up verses palm down

where’s ulna located

found on pinkie side, main part of elbow joint

olecranon process in ulna

elbow bump

what short bones make up carpals

8, making up the wrist

how many bones make up metacarpals in hand

5

metacarpals are also known as

your knuckles

how many finger bones are in each hand

14 bones (thumb has two)

is the skull in appendicular or axial skeleton

axial

how many bones are in the skull

22

what’s the only movable skull bone

manible (lower jaw)

how are skull bones bound

sutures, immovable joints

what two types of bones make the sull

cranial and facial

how many cranial bones are there

8

functions of cranial bone

surround and protect the brain

how many facial bones are there

14

functions of the facial bones

makes up the structure of your face, provide openings for air and food, provides a place for muscles of facial expression to attach

what are sesamoid bone

short bones buried in tendons

function of sesamoid bone

protect tendons that run over joints from stress and wear

what are irregular bones

complicated shapes and don’t fit other categories

what are flat bones

thin, flat, and usually bit curved

function of flat bones

protect internal organs and provide a great place for muscles to attach

short bone are described as

roughly cubed shaped

function of short bones

providing stability to joints bearing weight

what is long bone

very lengthy, long diaphyis , 2 epiphysis

function of long bone

supporting weight and enabling movement, curved to increase shatler resistance, hollow medullary cavity

what do cranial bones have

frontal temporal, parietal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and occipital

frontal bone is described as

single, front wall of cranium

important part of frontal plane

supraorbital margin of orbit

temporal bone is described as

pair, bottom and side walls of cranium

important part of temporal bones

zygomatic process, mastoid process, and temporal mandibular joint

parietal bone is described as

pair, top and side walls of cranium

sphenoid bone is described as

single, found deep in cranium// behind the eye socket(orbits)// shaped like a butterfly // “keystone” bone- joints with almost every skull bone

ethmoid bone is described as

single, found deep in the cranium, makes up nasal cavity

important parts of ethmoid bone

nasal septum, superior and middle conchae

where’s occipital bone located

single, back and bone walls of cranium

important part of occipital bone

foramen magnum, occipital condyles,

nasal bone is described as

pair, forming the bridge of the nose, and breaks when nose is broken