Health & Illness Concept

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering health promotion, levels of prevention, individual and community health theories, health models, and illness concepts.

ANA Code of Ethics

The professional guidelines, standards, and expectations established by the American Nurses Association for nurses caring for individuals, families, communities, and populations.

Provision 1.3 (Nature of Health)

A provision of the ANA Code of Ethics stating that healthcare is a universal right transcending individual differences, where human worth is unaffected by circumstances, and care is shaped by unique patient preferences and values.

Health Promotion

Behaviors and activities that optimize health and promote well-being across the lifespan for individuals, families, communities, populations, and environments.

Primary Prevention

A level of prevention aimed at optimizing health and preventing disease or injury before it occurs, such as immunizations, safety gear education, and stress management.

Secondary Prevention

A level of prevention focused on health screening and early detection of disease to initiate prompt treatment, limit disability, and delay advanced consequences.

Tertiary Prevention

A level of prevention focused on managing existing clinical disease, minimizing long-term complications, restoring function, and optimizing quality of life.

Enculturation

A key element of health promotion requiring cultural competence and sensitivity to meet patients where they are by honoring their cultural traits, beliefs, values, and behaviors.

Health Promotion Model

An individual-focused nursing theory developed by Pender depicting health-promoting behaviors as outcomes influenced by personal characteristics, behavior-specific cognitions, interpersonal influences, and commitment to action.

Transtheoretical Model

A model of behavioral change that conceptualizes individual readiness to change through six stages: Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance, and Termination.

Precontemplation Stage

The initial stage in the Transtheoretical Model where an individual has no current intention or thought of changing a specific health behavior.

Contemplation Stage

The stage in the Transtheoretical Model where an individual is actively thinking about and considering a behavior change, but has not yet committed to or taken action.

Preparation Stage

The stage in the Transtheoretical Model where an individual intends to take action soon and begins gathering resources or making small preliminary adjustments.

Action Stage

The stage in the Transtheoretical Model where an individual actively implements behavioral modifications and engages in new practices.

Maintenance Stage

The stage in the Transtheoretical Model where an individual works to sustain newly adopted health behaviors over time and avoid relapse or triggers.

Termination Stage

The final stage in the Transtheoretical Model where a former behavior is completely eliminated and the new healthy habit is permanently integrated without temptation.

Health Belief Model

A theoretical framework that predicts whether individuals will adopt preventative health measures based on perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, self-efficacy, and cues to action.

Wheel of Wellness

A model illustrating multidimensional domains of wellness (such as physical, emotional, spiritual, social, occupational, financial, environmental, and intellectual) that must remain balanced for overall health.

Diffusion of Innovation Model

A community-focused theory explaining how new ideas and health behaviors spread through a population across groups: Innovators, Early Adopters, Early Majority, Late Majority, and Laggards.

Social Ecology Model

A population health model examining how health behaviors are affected by nested levels of influence: individual/interpersonal, institutional, community, and public policy.

Healthy People 2030

A set of national 10-year health goals and objectives for the United States aimed at promoting thriving lives, disease prevention, health equity, and eliminating disparities.

Social Determinants of Health

Conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that significantly affect health outcomes, functioning, and quality of life.

Vulnerable Populations

Groups at elevated risk for poor health outcomes due to political marginalization, discrimination, unmet basic needs, or low socioeconomic status.

Public Health Nursing

A specialized field of nursing educated to assess whole populations and deliver community-wide preventative healthcare services.

Acute Illness

A disease or condition with a sudden onset and short duration, where the individual is generally expected to recover.

Chronic Illness

A long-term health condition lasting 6 months or longer, often lifetime-duration, requiring lifestyle adjustments and ongoing disease management.

Exacerbation

An acute flare-up or worsening of clinical manifestations during the course of a chronic illness.

Remission

A period during a chronic illness where physical symptoms are absent or significantly reduced despite the underlying presence of the disease.

Hardiness

An internal psychological trait characterized by resilience, a strong desire to live, and an active willingness to overcome health challenges.