[Unit 5 - Human development and diversity] 2. Changing identities and cultures

Define the term culture. [2]

Culture includes shared beliefs, values, customs and traditions [1], shaping the way a group lives and understands its identity [1].

Define the term cultural trait. [2]

A cultural trait is a specific characteristic associated with a culture [1], such as a language, food tradition, belief or style of clothing [1].

Define the term ethnicity. [2]

Ethnicity is identification with a group sharing perceived heritage, ancestry or cultural background [1], often associated with language, history and traditions [1].

Distinguish between culture and ethnicity. [2]

Culture refers to learned, shared beliefs and practices [1], whereas ethnicity describes a group identity associated with common heritage or ancestry [1].

Define the term identity. [2]

Identity is how people understand and define themselves [1], influenced by characteristics such as culture, ethnicity, nationality and experiences [1].

Explain why individuals may have multiple cultural identities. [2]

People may belong to several cultural and national groups simultaneously [1], so their practices and identities can reflect multiple traditions and experiences [1].

Define the term cultural diversity. [2]

Cultural diversity is the variety of identities, beliefs and cultural practices among populations [1], including differences in language, religion and traditions [1].

Explain two reasons why cultural diversity may increase within a country. [4]

Reason 1 - Migration: Migrants bring languages and traditions [1], increasing local variety of cultural practices [1]. Reason 2 - Communication: International media exposes people to foreign ideas [1], encouraging cultural exchange and adoption [1].

Explain two reasons why cultural diversity may decrease within a country. [4]

Reason 1 - Homogenization: Dominant global brands encourage similar behaviours [1], potentially weakening distinctive local practices [1]. Reason 2 - Language decline: Younger speakers may shift to majority languages [1], reducing intergenerational transmission of minority languages [1].

Explain why cultural diversity may increase at a local scale but decrease at a global scale. [4]

Local scale: Migrant populations introduce different foods and languages into an area [1], widening the range of cultures there [1]. Global scale: Similar media and international brands spread everywhere [1], making consumer cultures more alike between places [1].

Explain two ways globalization can change cultural identity. [4]

Way 1 - Exchange: Contact with foreign traditions introduces new practices [1], encouraging mixed or changing identities [1]. Way 2 - Preservation: Greater external influence can motivate communities to protect local traditions [1], strengthening an existing identity [1].

Explain why cultural identity is not necessarily fixed over time. [2]

People experience migration, new technologies and contact with other cultures [1], so practices and identity can evolve between generations [1].

Explain two ways international migration may change the cultural characteristics of destination areas. [4]

Way 1 - Businesses: Migrants establish culturally distinctive restaurants or shops [1], altering neighbourhood services and landscapes [1]. Way 2 - Language: Migrants introduce and maintain languages [1], increasing linguistic diversity in schools and public places [1].

Explain why cultural diversity is difficult to measure. [2]

Diversity involves overlapping traits such as language, religion and ethnicity [1], so one indicator cannot capture every identity or account for cultural change [1].

Define the term cultural diffusion. [2]

Cultural diffusion is the spread of ideas, practices and beliefs between groups and places [1], through flows such as migration, trade, media and tourism [1].

Explain two ways globalization accelerates cultural diffusion. [4]

Way 1 - Media: Social platforms spread cultural content internationally [1], allowing rapid exposure and adoption [1]. Way 2 - Migration: People bring practices from home to new places [1], introducing foods, languages and beliefs into destination communities [1].

Explain how international tourism contributes to cultural diffusion. [2]

Tourists encounter practices and products in destination countries [1], which they may adopt or share when they return home [1].

Explain two ways TNCs contribute to cultural diffusion. [4]

Way 1 - Products: TNCs market similar goods across countries [1], spreading consumption habits globally [1]. Way 2 - Advertising: International campaigns promote particular lifestyles [1], influencing cultural preferences in different markets [1].

Define cultural imperialism. [2]

Cultural imperialism involves the dominance or strong influence of one powerful society's cultural practices in another [1], potentially weakening local traditions and autonomy [1].

Explain two ways cultural imperialism may occur. [4]

Way 1 - Media: Dominant entertainment industries distribute content widely [1], promoting their values and images internationally [1]. Way 2 - Global brands: Large TNCs spread standardized consumption practices [1], which may displace local alternatives [1].

Explain one potential negative impact of cultural imperialism on local cultures. [2]

Dominant media and languages may reduce demand for local alternatives [1], weakening minority languages or traditional practices across generations [1].

Explain why cultural imperialism may be resisted by local communities. [2]

External cultural dominance may be perceived as threatening local identity [1], motivating language-preservation, cultural or local-business campaigns [1].

Explain why cultural diffusion does not always result in cultural imperialism. [2]

Diffusion can involve voluntary mutual cultural exchange [1], whereas imperialism involves unequal influence by a more dominant culture [1].

Define the term glocalization. [2]

Glocalization is adapting a global product, brand or idea to local preferences [1], allowing global goods to reflect particular cultures and circumstances [1].

Using a named example, explain how glocalization occurs. [2]

McDonald's offers the McAloo Tikki burger in India to reflect local food preferences [1], adapting a global fast-food brand to suit the Indian market [1].

Explain two reasons why TNCs adopt glocalization strategies. [4]

Reason 1 - Preferences: Different cultural or religious practices shape demand [1], so firms adapt goods to attract consumers [1]. Reason 2 - Competition: Locally adapted products may be more appealing than standard products [1], boosting sales and market share [1].

Explain how glocalization may help preserve cultural diversity. [2]

Businesses may retain local ingredients or traditions in their global products [1], allowing cultural distinctiveness to remain visible in international markets [1].

Define the term cultural hybridity. [2]

Cultural hybridity involves mixing influences from different cultures [1], creating new cultural products, practices or identities [1].

Using a named example, explain the concept of cultural hybridity. [2]

Vietnamese bánh mì combines baguette-style bread influenced by French colonial food culture with Vietnamese fillings and preparation [1], creating a distinctive hybrid food tradition [1].

Explain two ways cultural hybridity can develop. [4]

Way 1 - Migration: Communities meet and exchange practices [1], encouraging new combinations of language and food [1]. Way 2 - Digital media: Artists access international styles online [1], blending them into new cultural products [1].

Distinguish between glocalization and cultural hybridity. [2]

Glocalization adapts global products to fit local preferences [1], whereas hybridity mixes cultural influences to form something new [1].

Explain two ways globalization can simultaneously encourage cultural homogenization and cultural hybridity. [4]

Homogenization: Global brands spread similar products [1], making consumer habits more alike [1]. Hybridity: Global contacts mix cultural ideas [1], creating new combinations of identities and practices [1].

Define the term cultural landscape. [2]

A cultural landscape is an environment shaped by human cultures and activities [1], visible in buildings, land use, religious places and public spaces [1].

Explain two ways international migration can change urban cultural landscapes. [4]

Way 1 - Worship: Migrant communities build religious facilities [1], changing the architecture and functions of neighbourhoods [1]. Way 2 - Commerce: Restaurants and shops offer distinctive products [1], creating recognizable cultural areas [1].

Explain how globalization can make cultural landscapes more similar. [2]

The same global shops, hotels and architectural designs spread internationally [1], making commercial areas in different cities appear increasingly alike [1].

Explain two ways global interactions can alter the built environment. [4]

Way 1 - Investment: International firms build offices, hotels and shopping centres [1], reshaping urban land use and commercial architecture [1]. Way 2 - Migration: Communities establish worship and cultural buildings [1], adding new features to local landscapes [1].

Explain why changing cultural landscapes may create conflicting perspectives among residents. [2]

Some residents welcome new businesses and cultural diversity [1], while others fear losing historic buildings or traditional neighbourhood identity [1].

Explain why the preservation of historic cultural landscapes may conflict with economic development. [2]

Redevelopment can create jobs and new buildings [1], but replacing historic sites may damage culturally valued heritage and identity [1].

Define the term diaspora. [2]

A diaspora is a population dispersed from a common ancestral homeland across different places [1], retaining some shared identity or cultural connection to that homeland [1].

Explain two reasons why diaspora populations develop. [4]

Reason 1 - Jobs: People migrate overseas for economic opportunities [1], forming communities while maintaining homeland connections [1]. Reason 2 - Displacement: Conflict and persecution force migration [1], spreading populations across international destinations [1].

Explain two characteristics of a diaspora population. [4]

Characteristic 1 - Identity: Dispersed groups share aspects of heritage or history [1], creating a sense of connection across borders [1]. Characteristic 2 - Homeland ties: People maintain contact with relatives and institutions [1], supporting social and cultural networks across countries [1].

Explain two ways diaspora populations maintain cultural identity. [4]

Way 1 - Traditions: Festivals, food and religion are preserved [1], passing cultural practices to younger generations [1]. Way 2 - Institutions: Language schools and cultural groups connect members [1], strengthening shared identity and heritage knowledge [1].

Explain how diaspora populations contribute to cultural diversity in destination countries. [2]

Diaspora communities maintain and share distinct languages, cuisines and traditions [1], widening the range of cultural influences in destination societies [1].

Explain why diaspora communities may develop hybrid cultural identities. [2]

Diaspora members encounter destination cultures while retaining ancestral practices [1], creating identities combining elements of both [1].

Using the Indian diaspora, explain two reasons why diaspora populations are distributed across multiple world regions. [4]

Reason 1 - History: Colonial-era Indian migration to Mauritius, the Caribbean and South Africa created settlements overseas [1], which continued over later generations [1]. Reason 2 - Work: Migration to the UAE, UK and USA for jobs [1] has expanded modern diaspora communities [1].

Using the Indian diaspora, explain two ways diaspora communities influence cultural landscapes. [4]

Way 1 - Institutions: Indian diaspora communities establish temples, gurdwaras and cultural centres [1], making heritage visible in destination landscapes [1]. Way 2 - Shops: Restaurants and businesses in places such as Southall in London [1] create recognizable cultural commercial districts [1].

Explain two ways a diaspora can influence its country of origin. [4]

Way 1 - Remittances: Migrants send money to family members [1], supporting education, healthcare and housing spending [1]. Way 2 - Culture: Overseas communities share homeland traditions internationally [1], raising awareness and maintaining global cultural connections [1].

Explain why diaspora populations may contribute to both cultural preservation and cultural change. [4]

Preservation: Diaspora networks maintain languages and festivals [1], helping transmit ancestral traditions [1]. Change: Contact with new cultures encourages blending and adaptation [1], creating hybrid practices across generations [1].

Explain why globalization can contribute to both the preservation and loss of cultural identity. [4]

Preservation: Diaspora networks share heritage and traditions internationally [1], supporting transmission of cultural knowledge [1]. Loss: Dominant media and languages may overshadow local alternatives [1], reducing use of some traditions [1].

Explain why cultural diversity may be widening and narrowing simultaneously. [4]

Widening: Migration brings new languages and cultural groups into places [1], increasing local diversity [1]. Narrowing: Global brands and entertainment spread similar products [1], making lifestyles more alike internationally [1].

Explain why the impact of cultural globalization may differ between generations. [2]

Generations may encounter different amounts of international media or migration [1], influencing the balance between adopting new practices and maintaining traditions [1].

Explain two reasons why diasporas are important examples of global spatial interactions. [4]

Reason 1 - Culture: Diaspora networks maintain traditions across borders [1], circulating languages and ideas between places [1]. Reason 2 - Finance: Migrants send money or invest back home [1], connecting countries through remittances and businesses [1].

Explain why cultural homogenization is not an inevitable outcome of globalization. [2]

Local communities and firms can adapt global influences to local preferences [1], producing glocalized goods and hybrid cultural forms [1].

Explain why globalization does not necessarily reduce the importance of local identity. [2]

Foreign cultural influences may motivate communities to protect distinctive traditions [1], strengthening pride and local cultural preservation [1].