KIN 207: Physical Literacy, Locomotor Skills, and Ballistic Skills

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering Physical Literacy, Locomotor Skill Development, and Ballistic Skill Development across the lifespan from KIN 207.

How did the International Physical Literacy Association (June 2015) define "physical literacy" in Canada's Consensus Statement?

Physical literacy is defined as the motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge and understanding to value and take responsibility for engagement in physical activities for life.

According to Whitehead (2010, 2013), what are the four key elements of physical literacy?

1) Everyone possesses the potential to want to include movement in their quality of life, though culture affects access; 2) Physically literate individuals move with poise, economy, and confidence, "reading" the physical environment to anticipate responses; 3) They have a sense of self that can engage with the environment and others; 4) They possess the ability to understand other health aspects such as sleep, nutrition, and exercise.

What are the four core domains of physical literacy recognized in Canada?

1) Affective: Motivation and confidence; 2) Physical: Physical competence; 3) Cognitive: Knowledge and understanding; 4) Behavioural: Engagement for life.

What are four common misconceptions regarding physical literacy?

1) Physical literacy is purely concerned with the "physical"; 2) Physical competency can be interpreted solely through the development of fundamental motor skills; 3) Physical education and physical literacy are the same thing; 4) You can teach physical literacy.

What is a Fundamental Movement Skill (FMS), and what are its three main categories?

An FMS is the foundation and building block of human movement that provides the understanding and skills needed to progress toward complex and sport-specific skills. The three categories are: 1) Balance/Stability (creating equilibrium to remain steady); 2) Locomotor (ways the body travels across an area); 3) Object Manipulation (controlling an object with or without an implement).

What is the key distinction between a Fundamental Movement Skill (FMS) and a Fundamental Sport Skill (FSS)?

An FMS provides the foundational, generalized movement patterns (e.g., striking an object, catching, or jumping from one/two feet and landing on two feet), whereas an FSS applies those movement foundations to sport-specific contexts and specialized performance rules.

What are the components of the Passport for Life assessment tool?

Passport for Life uses questionnaires to evaluate living skills and active participation, along with customizable tests for movement skills and fitness skills to establish a baseline, observe improvements over time, and track data via an online teacher portal.

What are the six tools included in the Physical Literacy Assessment for Youth (PLAY) battery, and what is the target population for PLAYfun?

PLAY includes: PLAYfun and PLAYbasic (administered by coaches or trained professionals), PLAYself (child self-assessment using Likert scales and written description), PLAYparent, PLAYcoach, and PLAYinventory (tracking activities across the year). PLAYfun is intended for children aged $7$ and older.

How does the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy (CAPL-2) assess physical literacy?

It uses a preset obstacle course (CAMSA) where trained observers time children and score their movement skills and movement patterns. Faster completion times combined with higher movement skill scores indicate greater physical literacy.

What is the definition of a ballistic skill?

A motor skill in which a person applies force to an object in order to project it (e.g., throwing, kicking, punting, striking).

What is the difference between product measures and process measures when evaluating throwing?

Product measures evaluate the outcome or result of the throw (such as accuracy, distance, and ball velocity), whereas process measures assess the movement pattern itself through qualitative developmental sequences.

What movement characteristics define early overarm throwing?

The movement consists mostly of arm action alone, the elbows are pointed upward, the throw is executed by elbow extension alone, and there is no preparatory backswing, foot step, or trunk rotation.

What are the key biomechanical characteristics of proficient overarm throwing?

A preparatory windup involving a backward weight shift and trunk rotation with arm swing; stepping forward onto the opposite leg with a long stride; differentiated trunk rotation; sequential movement causing upper arm and forearm lag to transfer momentum.

What are the developmental sequences for trunk action in overarm throwing?

Step 1: None, with no forward or backward movements; Step 2: Block rotation (trunk rotates as a single unit); Step 3: Differentiated rotation (pelvis rotates forward before the upper trunk and shoulders).

What sex differences in overarm throwing development were documented by Grade 7 in longitudinal research?

For upper arm action, $80\%$ of boys reached Step 3, compared to only $29\%$ of girls ($70\%$ remained at Step 1). For forearm action, $41\%$ of boys reached Step 3, whereas $71\%$ of girls were at Step 2. For trunk rotation, $46\%$ of boys reached Step 3 (differentiated rotation), while $90\%$ of girls remained at Step 2 (block rotation).

How does proficient kicking differ from early kicking?

Early kicking features no forward step with the non-kicking leg and simply pushes the kicking leg forward at the ball. Proficient kicking uses a preparatory windup with trunk rotated backward, kicking leg cocked, and knee flexed; the movement is sequential (thigh rotates forward, then lower leg extends), trunk rotates forward, and arms move in opposition to the legs.

What distinguishes punting from kicking, and what defines proficient punting?

Punting is a form of kicking where the ball is dropped from the individual's hands before foot impact. Proficient punters extend arms to drop the ball early before the final stride, swing the arms into opposition to the legs, leap onto the supporting leg, swing the kicking leg vigorously with full extension and pointed toes, and contact the ball with the instep.

What are the movement characteristics of proficient sidearm striking?

Proficient performers adopt a sideways preparatory stance, take a long contralateral step, use differentiated trunk rotation, execute a horizontal swing through a large range of motion with an extended arm at contact ("shake-hands" grip), and coordinate movements sequentially.

What defines proficient overarm striking?

The lower and upper trunk rotate more than $90^\circ$, the elbow is held at an ideal angle between $90^\circ$ and $119^\circ$ at the onset of forward motion, the racket lags behind the arm during the forward swing, and movements occur sequentially.

What did Van Capelle et al. (2017) determine regarding motor skill interventions in children aged $3\text{ to }5\text{ years}$?

Teacher-led interventions averaging $21\text{ weeks}$ ($3\text{ times per week}$ for $35\text{ minutes}$) significantly improved overall fundamental motor skills, object control skills, and locomotor skills.

How are "locomotion" and "gait" defined in lifespan motor development?

Locomotion is the act of moving from one place to another using one, two, or four limbs (or a wheeled device). Gait is a particular pattern of locomotion.

What is the difference between crawling and creeping?

Crawling ("commando crawl") is moving forward on hands and abdomen, whereas creeping is moving forward on hands and knees.

What is the developmental definition of walking?

A form of upright, bipedal locomotion characterized by a $50\%$ phasing relationship between the legs, alternating between a period of double support and a period of single support.

What are the key characteristics of early walking?

Early walking maximizes stability and balance over mobility: arms are held in high guard, no trunk rotation occurs, feet are out-toed and spread across a wide base of support, and short, independent steps are taken.

What changes mark the transition to proficient walking?

Stability is traded for mobility: stride length increases, the base of support narrows, pelvic rotation occurs, and arm-leg opposition develops.

What developmental gait changes commonly occur in older adulthood walking?

Older adults maximize stability: out-toeing increases, stride length decreases, pelvic rotation decreases, walking speed decreases, and objects/aids are frequently used for balance.

What is the developmental definition of running, and when does it typically emerge?

Running is an upright bipedal gait with a $50\%$ phasing relationship between the legs, characterized by a period of flight (where neither foot touches the ground) followed by single support. It typically occurs $6\text{ to }7\text{ months}$ after walking starts.

According to Table 5.1, what are the four steps in the developmental sequence for arm action in running?

Step 1: High or middle guard (arms held between waist and shoulder height with minimal movement); Step 2: Bilateral arm swing (arms swing coupled together moving forward and backward); Step 3: Opposition, oblique (arms swing in opposition to legs but cross across the chest or swing out obliquely); Step 4: Opposition, sagittal (arms swing forward and backward in opposition nearly parallel to the sagittal plane).

What defines the skill of jumping, and what are the characteristics of early jumping?

Jumping occurs when an individual propels their body off a surface using one or two feet and lands on two feet. Early jumping is characterized by jumping only vertically, holding arms in a winging posture, one-foot takeoff or landing, incomplete leg extension at takeoff, and head/trunk flexion.

What defines hopping, and when does it typically emerge relative to jumping?

Hopping is propelling the body off the ground with one foot and landing on that same foot. It begins later than jumping, usually emerging around age $3\text{ or }4$.

How do galloping, sliding, leaping, and skipping differ from one another?

Galloping: Asymmetric forward step on one foot followed by a leap onto the other (the same foot always leads); Sliding: Asymmetric sideways step on one foot followed by a leap onto the other (the same foot always leads); Leaping: Propelling from one foot and landing on the opposite foot; Skipping: A step-hop on one foot followed by a step-hop on the opposite foot.

What are the three essential components an observer must execute when assessing motor skills?

1) Analysis: An observer must know the course of development for the skill; 2) Planning: An observer must use an organized observational guideline and watch the skill performed several times; 3) Positioning: An observer must move around and observe the performance from various angles.