General Chemistry - Physical Properties, Separation Methods, Changes, and Measurements

Flashcards covering vocabulary terms on physical and chemical properties, separation techniques, physical vs chemical changes, IUPAC measurement units, and laboratory glassware based on the Chapter 1-7 lecture transcript.

Physical Property

A characteristic that allows observation or measurement of a material without altering its fundamental composition.

Chemical Property

A characteristic that describes a material's ability to undergo a process that alters its fundamental composition.

Filtration

A method used to separate a mixture by pouring a liquid-solid mixture through filter paper, leaving the residue behind while the filtrate passes through.

Filtrate

The liquid that passes through filter paper during a filtration process.

Residue

The solid material that stays on the filter paper during a filtration process.

Distillation

A separation method used to separate a mixture of liquids based on differences in their boiling points.

Distilling Flask

The round flask in a distillation setup that holds the liquid mixture being heated.

Heating Mantle

A specialized heating device used instead of an open flame to warm mixtures during distillation.

Condenser

A tube with separate inner and outer channels where gas cools and turns back into a liquid as cold water circulates through the outer tube.

Paper Chromatography

A separation technique where components of a mixture (like dyes) separate based on their differing interactions with paper and a moving liquid phase.

Stationary Phase

The non-moving solid or support material in chromatography, such as filter paper, that particles interact with as they travel.

Mobile Phase

The liquid or solution that moves up through the stationary phase in chromatography, carrying components of the mixture with it.

Physical Change

A change in state or appearance that does not alter the fundamental particles or chemical composition of a substance.

Sublimation

A physical process in which a substance transitions directly from the solid state to the gas state.

Chemical Change

A process that transforms the fundamental particles of matter to create new substances with different chemical identities.

Scanning Tunneling Microscope

A specialized microscope used to visualize extremely tiny, fundamental particles of matter.

IUPAC

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, which establishes standard base units for scientific quantities.

Kilogram

The standard IUPAC base unit for measuring mass.

Mu ($\mu$)

The Greek letter used as the prefix for micro-, representing a factor of $10^{-6}$ or one-millionth.

Derived Unit

A measurement unit, such as volume, that is calculated by combining one or more base units (e.g., $\text{length} \times \text{width} \times \text{height}$).

Cubic Centimeter ($\text{cm}^3$)

A unit of volume equal to $1\,\text{mL}$, measured as a cube with dimensions of $1\,\text{cm} \times 1\,\text{cm} \times 1\,\text{cm}$.

Meniscus

The curved upper surface of a liquid column in glassware, read from its bottom point to determine liquid volume.

Graduated Cylinder

A piece of volumetric laboratory glassware with scale numbers increasing from the bottom upward.

Volumetric Pipette

A piece of laboratory glassware designed to deliver an exact, specific volume of liquid (e.g., $25.0\,\text{mL}$) when filled to its calibrated mark.

Burette

Laboratory glassware used to deliver variable amounts of liquid, with scale numbers printed downward from top to bottom.

Volumetric Flask

Laboratory glassware calibrated to hold a precise total volume when filled to the etched line on its neck.