Haber Process: Temperature + Pressure + Equilibrium
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18 Terms
Why does increasing pressure favour ammonia production?
The product side contains fewer moles of gas, so equilibrium shifts towards ammonia.
How many moles of gas are on the reactant side?
Four moles: one nitrogen and three hydrogen.
How many moles of gas are on the product side?
Two moles of ammonia.
Why is a very high pressure not used?
It increases equipment costs, energy consumption and safety risks.
Why does lowering temperature increase equilibrium yield of ammonia?
The forward reaction is exothermic, so lower temperature favours ammonia.
Why is a very low temperature not used?
It makes the reaction rate too slow.
Why is approximately 450°C used?
It provides a compromise between reaction rate and equilibrium yield.
Why is approximately 200 atmospheres used?
It provides a compromise between ammonia yield, reaction rate, cost and safety.
What happens to the equilibrium yield of ammonia if temperature increases?
It decreases, because the reverse reaction is endothermic.
What happens to reaction rate if temperature increases?
It generally increases.
Why is it important to distinguish yield from reaction rate?
Yield describes the amount of product obtained, while rate describes how quickly it forms.
What happens to ammonia yield when pressure increases?
The equilibrium yield increases.
What happens when ammonia is removed from the equilibrium mixture?
Equilibrium shifts towards producing more ammonia.
Why is cooling used to remove ammonia?
Ammonia condenses more readily than nitrogen and hydrogen under the separation conditions.
Why are unreacted gases recycled?
To reduce waste and improve overall conversion into ammonia.
Why does a catalyst not increase the equilibrium yield?
It speeds up forward and reverse reactions without changing equilibrium position.
What is dynamic equilibrium?
A state in a closed system where forward and reverse reactions continue at equal rates.
Why are industrial conditions chosen as compromises?
The conditions that give the highest yield may not give an economically acceptable rate or cost.