Test 2 notes in depth

Energy

The capacity to do work or produce change.

Kinetic Energy

The energy an object possesses due to its motion.

Potential Energy

The energy stored in an object due to its position or configuration.

Energy Conservation

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can only be transformed from one form to another.

Entropy

A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system.

Chemical Energy

A form of potential energy used by living organisms to do work.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, supplies energy for chemical reactions and cell work.

Metabolism

The set of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism.

Catabolic Pathways

Metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules.

Anabolic Pathways

Metabolic pathways that consume energy to build complex molecules.

Enzyme

A catalytic protein that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed.

Activation Energy (Ea)

The energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur.

Substrate

The reactant an enzyme acts on.

Active Site

The location on the enzyme where the substrate fits in.

Selective Permeability

The ability of the cell membrane to allow certain substances to pass while blocking others.

Passive Transport

Transport of substances across cell membranes without the use of energy.

Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Isotonic Solution

A solution with equal solute concentration compared to another solution.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower solute concentration compared to another solution.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher solute concentration compared to another solution.

Osmoregulation

The control of water balance by organisms.

Exocytosis

The process of releasing molecules outside the cell.

Endocytosis

The process of bringing molecules into the cell.

Mitosis

A process where a cell divides into two daughter nuclei with identical genetic material.

Interphase

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells.

Checkpoints in Cell Cycle

Regulatory points ensuring the proper progression of the cell cycle.

Benign Tumor

A mass of cells that uncontrollably proliferate but stay together.

Malignant Tumor

Uncontrolled cell growth that invades surrounding tissue.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing gametes.

Nondisjunction

The improper separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

Aneuploidy

A condition with an abnormal number of chromosomes.

Polyploidy

The condition of having extra sets of chromosomes.

Chromosome Deletion

A loss of a chromosomal segment.

Chromosome Duplication

An extra copy of a chromosomal segment.

Chromosome Inversion

A chromosomal segment that reverses its orientation.

Chromosome Translocation

Movement of a chromosomal segment from one location to another.