Chapter 13 : Sensory-Perceptual Development

KINE 3500

What are the 5 senses

See (photoreceptors entering eye)

Hear (cochlea)

Smell

Taste

Touch

What is sensation?

Neural activity triggered by a stimulus to activate a sensory receptor

What is perception?

How we are adding meaning to certain stimuli, how information from certain stimuli is processed

Why is Sensation and Perception important?

Help us gather what is around in the environment and how we perceive it

Example of Sensation and Perception

Some people see a vase, some people see two faces staring at eachother

Vision is the ability to

see

How does it happen? Light enters cornea, then to pupil (dilates or contracts light) -> Iris (enters sufficiently) -> lens -> retina -> optic nerve -> brain (make image)

Rods in your eye help you when?

at night

The cones in your eye help you see

color

What is Visual Acuity?

the clarity and sharpness of our sight

During the first month of life, we have ___ visual acuity

Low

• its functional but unrefined

• between 20/200 and 20/400 on Snellen Scale

Infants can differentiate facial features from a distance of

20 inches

(Kellman and Arterberry)

During 6 months of life, they are adequate to

locomotion and it improves throughout childhood

What is the visual acuity of a 5 years old?

20/30

At what age do we reach the desired level of acuity 20/20 ?

10 years old

What is the gradual loss of accommodation power to focus on near objects?

Presbyopia

ARED is

age related eye diseases

How many Americans become blind each year?

47,000

What is the clouding on the eye called

Cataract

What are the symptoms of Cataract

Blurry vision, faded colors, sensitivity to light, trouble seeing at night. double vision

Glaucoma is a

Eye disease that can cause vision loss and blindness by damaging the optic nerve

What are the symptoms of Glaucoma

Loss of peripheral vision, blind spots, blindness

What is Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Disease affecting the central area or the retina that provides detailed vision

What are the symptoms of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Loss of central vision, blurry or wavy areas in your central vision

What is the eye condition that can cause vision loss and blindness in people who have diabetes

Diabetic Retinopathy

• blood vessels in the retina

What are the symptoms of Diabetic Retinopathy

Blurry vision, floating spots, blindess

Perception of Space includes

3D

Depth and Distance

Depth Perception

Motion Parallax

Optic Flow

Depth Perception is a

persons judgement of the distance from self to an object or place in space

• retinal disparity

What is Motion Parallax

Driving on road and see mountains, objects that are closer are moving at a faster rate than the mountains.

When looking at the perception of objects, you are looking at

Size, Shape, Motion

• edge detection to distinguish objects (figure and ground) ( whole and part )

Figure and Ground is

seeing objects of interests as distinct from the background

• 8 years old can distinguish faces

Whole-and-part is

discriminating parts of a picture or an object as a whole

• 9 year olds can integrate parts into the total picture

  
  

Infants rely more on

depth and motion cues than on edges and perceiving objects

Very young children have difficulty in

integrating objects from a whole

Size Constancy is the

perception of actual object size despite the size of image as projected in our retinas

• Object stays same size no matter how far or how close 

Infants will perceive the size of an object ___________?

accurately

Shape Constancy is the

perception of actual object shape despite the orientation

• Gonna stay same shape no matter what way I turn

Size and Shape Constancy are both found in

Habituation

Spatial Orientation is

orientation or position of objects as they are located in space or image

Children at 3 or 4 years old can learn

directional extremes (H/L, Over/Under, etc)

Children at 8 years old can differentiate obliques but still confuse

left and right.

Perception of Motion is

Neurological Mechanisms to detect motion

Which are of the brain process motion?

Middle Temporal Cortex (area) speed and direction of objects

Infants lack adult sensitivity to

motion

At 6 weeks of age, only extremely

slow velocities of nearby objects are difficult to perceive

Direction of motion is not well perceived until

8 weeks of age

Older adults have difficulty perceiving motion at the

detection threshold

Detection Threshold is

point on a continuum at which the energy level is sufficient to register 

Vision summary provides information about

environment

Visual perception thresholds of detection improves

to adult levels

• More information needed on significance performance thresholds

  
  

Kinesthetic Development is

“Body Sense”

• Proprioceptors

• Somatosensors

• Vestibular

Proprioceptors include

Somatosensory (skin and muscles)

Vestibular (balance, posture, head orientation)

Somatosensors are located

under the skin, in muscles, muscle-tendon junctions, joint capsules, ligaments

• in the muscle, play a huge role in POSITION

Vestibular is located

in the inner ear important for determining the orientation and position of the head

What are different Kinesthetic Receptors

Muscle Spindles

Golgi Tendon Organs

Joint Receptors

Spray-type Ruffini endings

Golgi-type receptors

Modified Pacinian Corpuscles

Vestibular Semicircular Canals

Cutaneous Receptors

Muscle Spindles say how much

muscle is stretching and how fast

Location : in the Muscles

Golgi Tendon Organs

detect how much force

Location: Muscle-tendon Junctions

Joint Receptors

Spray-type Ruffini endings

Golgi-type receptors

Modified Pacinian Corpuscles

(These all detect?)

Joint position angle and movement

Location: Join Capsule and Ligaments

Vestibular Semicircular Canals

Posture and Orientation

• Location : Inner Ear

Cutaneous Receptors detetc

change in pressure when touching skin

Location: Skin and Underlying

Kinesthesis Development

• Infantile reflexes are stimulated through kinesthetic receptors

• Respond to touch, and can directly identify location of touches, especially in the mouth and face

Labyrinth Righting Reflex shows up in the

second postnatal month showing evidence of vestibular function

Kinesthetic sensation is functional in

early life, and at least some parts mature in mid-childhood

Perception in Kinesthetic Perception continues through

adolescence and young adulthood

Kinesthetic sensitivity (detect stimulus) improves between

6 – 7 and gradually up to 11.

Precision Acuity improves from ages

11.5 to 16.5

Localization includes

Tactile Location

Threshold Discrimination

Tactile Location

The ability to identify without the sight the exact spot on the body that has been touched

• Less accurate at 4 years age, compared to 6-8 years old on hand forearms

Threshold Discrimination

detecting the smallest gap between two points that touch skin – varies in different areas in the body

Manipulation is

Recognizing unseen objects and their characteristics by manipulation is the kinesthetic perception parallel to the visual perception of objects

Manipulation at Age 4

Average child can handle objects purposefully

EX) child has book, they understand to flip the pages of the book

Manipulation at Age 5

Explore major features

• Understand shape, texture of the objects

Manipulation at Age 6

Manual exploration becomes systematic

• Haptic (cutaneous) memory and object recognition improves

Body Awareness is

Recognition, identification, and differentiation of location, movement, and interrelationships of body parts and joints; person's awareness of spatial orientation and perceived location of the body in the environment.

As children get older they can start

identifying their body parts

Objective awareness of self happen during childs

second year

Laterality

Develop and understanding that the body has two sides at age 4 to 5

• midline difficulty

Lateral Dominance

Hints as early as 3 months

• infants show preference with a particular hand at 7 months

Side preference is the consistent

preference of hand-eye, ear, foot over the other

What is Spatial Orientation

Perception of a body’s location and orientation in space, independent of vision

Directionality is sense of

direction

Older adults lose what as they age

cutaneous activity, vibratory sensitivity, and sensitivity to temperature and pain

Proprioceptive in lower limbs is concerning during aging because of

loss of balance

Auditory Sensation

Auditory cues help improve the accuracy of movements, particularly when initiating and timing movements

Hearing is the process of perceiving

sound

What are the 3 structures of auditory sensation

External, Middle, and Cochlea of inner ear

How does hearing happen

Sound waves enter the external ear, bounce through tiny bones in the middle ear to boost the vibrations, and reach the cochlea in the inner ear, where fluid and microscopic hair cells transform those vibrations into electrical signals for the brain.

Auditory Development in Newborns

• can detect a normal hearing voice when an adult can hear a whisper

• do not detect changes of intensity of sounds

• Hearing improves rapidly after one week of birth

Auditory Development in 3 months old

can detect low frequency sounds but not high frequency

Auditory Development in 6 month olds

hearing is similar to adults

Presbycusis is

loss of hearing sensitivity

• Physiological vs. Environmental source

• Absolute thresholds for hearing pure tones and speech increases for older adults

• “I can’t hear you, what did you say?”

Location regarding auditory development

• Changes in approach or withdrawal of a sound

• Information about the environment we move

• Newborns turn in the direction of sound and rapidly improve their first year

Older adults with presbycusis show

decrement in location of sound

Infants ages 1-4 months can discriminate basic

speech sounds (ba,pa,ma)

• Ability continues from early childhood until late childhood

  
  

Children between 3 – 5 years old experience accuracy in

recognizing sounds

As an older adult, there is a decline in perception of

pure tones

patterns differentiate speech and

music

• time, intensity, and frequency

3-month-old infants respond to changes in number of

group of tones

12-month-old infants respond to changes in

number of groups and the number of tones to each group

Temporal Patterns are a

language prerequisite

Figure and Ground, think of

Listening to one conversation vs. background noises

• Young infants can detect sound amid ambient noise, difficulty in separating auditory figures

  • Older adults commonly report difficulty with hearing amid background noise