BIOL171A Module 1: Foundations

what is anatomy

study of structure of body parts

what is physiology

study of function of body parts

structural organization of body

molecule —> cells —> tissues —> organs —> organ systems

what is a molecule

atoms with 3D structure

what is a cell

variety of molecules combined to form fluid and organelles of a body cell

what is a tissue

community of similar cells that work together

what is an organ

two or more different tissues combined

what is an organ system

two or more organs work closely together to perform functions of a body system

what are the functions of the integumentary system

encloses internal body structures; site of many sensory receptors

what are examples of integumentary system

hair, skin, nails

what are the functions of skeletal system

supports the body; enables movement

what are examples of skeletal system

cartilage, bones, joints

what are the functions of endocrine system

secretes hormones; regulates bodily processes

what are examples of endocrine system

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries

what are the functions of lymphatic system

returns fluid to blood; defends against pathogens

what are examples of lymphatic system

thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels

what are functions of respiratory system

removes CO2 from body; delivers oxygen to blood

what are examples of respiratory system

nasal passage, trachea, lungs

what are functions of male reproductive system

produce sex hormones and gametes; delivers gametes to female

what are examples of male reproductive system

epididymis, testes

what are functions of female reproductive system

produce sex hormones and gametes; supports embryo/fetus until birth; produces milk for infant

what are examples of female reproductive system

mammary glands, ovaries, uterus

what are functions of urinary system

controls water balance in body’ removes waste from blood and excretes them

what are examples of urinary system

kidneys, urinary bladder

what are functions of digestive system

processes food for use by body; removes wastes from undigested food

what are examples of digestive system

stomach, liver, gall bladder, large intestine, small intestine

what are functions of cardiovascular system

delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues; equalizes temperature in body

what are examples of cardiovascular system

heart, blood vessels

what are functions of nervous system

detects and processes sensory information; activates bodily responses

what are examples of nervous system

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

what are functions of muscular system

enables movement; helps maintain body temperature

what are examples of muscular system

skeletal muscles, tendons

what is homeostasis

stability in chemical and physical conditions within organism’s cells, tissues, and organs

what is negative feedback loops

variable causes fluctuations above or below a set point which triggers a response to bring it back to the set point

how does the nervous system maintain homeostasis

sends electrical signals to detect changes and command immediate responses

how does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis

releases hormones into blood to control slower long term processes

how does the cardiovascular system maintain homeostasis

moves blood, heat, nutrients, oxygen throughout the body

how does the respiratory system maintain homeostasis

controls O2 and CO2 levels in blood

how does the urinary and digestive system maintain homeostasis

filters waste, balance body fluids, control ion & water levels

what is hyponatremia

excess of total body water when compared to total body sodium content

what is the cause of hyponatremia

excess water buildup; fluid and sodium loss

what are the symptoms of hyponatremia

diarrhea, headache, vomiting, confusion

how to maintain homeostasis after low water levels + high sodium levels

ADH increases —> kidney reabsorb more water

how to maintain homeostasis after high water levels + low sodium levels

ADH decreases —> kidney reabsorb less water

what is the cell membrane

phospholipid bilayer that separates life from outer environment

what is the function of the cell membrane

filters and controls what comes in and out of the cell; permeability depends on size of molecule

what are high permeable molecules

small non polar molecules

what are examples of high permeable molecules

O2, CO2, N2

what are low permeable molecules

small ions

what are examples of low permeable molecules

Cl-, K+, Na+

what is diffusion

passive transport requiring no energy; uses concentration gradient & kinetic energy of moving molecules

what is facilitated diffusion

passive transport requiring no energy; uses proteins to move molecules that don’t diffuse easily

what is active transport

moves molecules against concentration gradient using energy (ATP); creates concentration and electrochemical gradients

what is an example of active transport

sodium potassium pump

what is the nucleus

contains DNA; inside nucleus, nucleolus, synthesizes and produces ribosomal RNA and ribosome subunits are assembled

what is the ribosome

manufactures proteins to remain in cytosol or imported to other organelles

where are ribosomes found

free in the cytosol or attached to ER

what is the rough ER

synthesizes proteins to be shipped to another organelle, inserted into plasma membrane, secreted to cell exterior; studded with ribosomes

what is the lumen

sack inside the RER where proteins achieve its 2/3/4 structure

what is the smooth ER

enzymes catalyze reactions involving lipids; synthesizes lipids or break down lipids and other molecules; lack ribosomes

what is the golgi apparatus

processes, sorts, and ships proteins synthesized in RER

what is the cis golgi apparatus

receives products from RER

what is the trans golgi apparatus

ships products out to other organelles or cell surface

what are vesicles

carry materials to/from organelle

what is the lysosome

breaks down damaged structure of cells; facilitates breakdown of virus, bacteria, etc. to be reused/recycled for cytosol

what is the peroxisome

center of REDOX reactions; enzyme catalase detoxifies H2O2 produced from oxidation

what is the mitochondria

powerhouse of cell; aerobic respiration to generate ATP

what is the cristae

folded inner membrane; folds expands surface area to increase efficiency to produce ATP

what is the mitochondrial matrix

fluid inside inner membrane of mitochondria; contains 2/3 proteins of mitochondria

what are the main tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

what are epithelial tissues

cells tightly packed together; covers body and lines organs and cavities within the body

what are the function of epithelial tissues

barrier to protect against mechanical injury, invasive microorganisms, etc; helps prevent fluid loss

simple

single layer cells

stratified

multiple layers of cells

pseudostratified

single layer cells that appear as multiple due to cells varying length

what are connective tissues

sparsely packed cells scattered through extracellular matrix (gives tissue its properties)

what are functions of connective tissues

binds and supports other tissues

what are examples of connective tissues

loose, fibrous, bone, adipose, cartilage, blood

what are muscle tissues

consists of filaments (actin & myosin) which enables muscle to contract

what are functions of muscle tissues

responsible for nearly all types of body movements

what are examples of muscle tissues

skeletal (striated & voluntary), smooth (involuntary and line digestive tract), cardiac (involuntary heart muscle)

what are nervous tissues

contain neurons that transmit nerve impulses and glial support cells

what are functions of nervous tissues

senses stimuli and responds to it and transmit signals in the form of nerve impulses; receive, processes, transmit information

what are neurons

dendrites, cell body, axons

what are glia

nourishes, insulates, replenishes

what are the function of simple epithelial tissues

absorption, secretion, filtration

what are the function of stratified epithelial tissues

protection in high wear areas

cuboidal

tissues cubed shaped; height = length

squamous

flat thin tissues that looks like scales

columnar

tall and rectangular tissues; taller > wider

where are simple squamous epithelial tissues located

air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries, lines heart/blood vessels

where are simple cuboidal epithelial tissues located

kidney tubules, secretory ducts of small glands, ovary surfaces

where are simple columnar epithelial tissues located

digestive tract, gall bladder, uterine tubes

where are pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissues located

lining of trachea and upper respiratory tract

where are stratified squamous epithelial tissues located

outer layer of skin, lining of mouth, esophagus, vagina

where are stratified cuboidal epithelial tissues located

larger ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands

where are stratified columnar epithelial tissues located

male urethra, large excretory ducts of glands

where are transitional epithelium tissues located

urinary bladder, ureters, part of urethra

what is epidermolysis bullosa

rare inherited genetic disorder that causes skin and mucous membrane to become extremely fragile and blister from minor friction, rubbing, or heat

what are the causes of epidermolysis bullosa

mutation in COL7A1 gene that affects the fibrils/collagen VII holding the epidermis and dermis together