Child Psychology Test 1

Nature vs. Nuture

Nature= genetics / biology

Nurture: Environment & experience

How did Puritans view children?

Children were seen as sinful and needing strict discipline

Behaviorism

Observable behavior and how the environment shapes behavior

Tabula Rasa

(John Locke) The idea that children are born as a blank slate

Social Learning Theory

People learn behaviors by watching & imitating others

Evolutionary Theory

Considers survival value of behaviors

Ecological Systems Theory

Development is influenced by interacting environmental systems

Naturalistic Observation

Observing behavior in its normal, everyday setting

Case Study

An in-depth study of one person, group, or situation

Correlation vs. Experiment

Correlation: Shows relationships

Experiments: Tests cause and effect

Independent Variable (IV)

The variable the researcher changes or controls

Dependent Variable (DV)

The outcome or behavior being measured

Control vs Experimental group

Control: Gets no treatment

Experiment: Receives the treatment

Longitudinal vs Cross-sectional

Longitudinal: Follows the same people over time

Cross-sectional: Compares chromosomes structures containing DNA and genetic information.

Chromosomes

Structures containing DNA and genetic information

Autosomes vs Sex chromosomes

Autosomes: Non-sex chromosomes

Sex chromosomes: Determine biological sex

XX

Female

XY

Male

Most commonly used prenatal diagnostic method

Ultrasound

Causes of Down Syndrome

• Extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21)

• Advanced maternal age

Behavioral Genetics

The study of how genes and environment influence behavior

Niche-picking

Choosing environments that fit our abilities, interests, and personality

Advantages of parenthood

Love, companionship, meaning, and opportunities to guide a child

What happens to the egg after it leaves the ovary?

It enters the fallopian tube and can be fertilized there

How long can sperm survive?

3-5 days in the female reproductive tract

Zygote

The single cell formed when sperm and egg join

Blastocyst

A hollow ball of cells that implants in the uterus (60-70 cells)

Trophoblast

Cells outside the blastocyst that becomes the placenta and umbillical cord

What provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing baby?

The placenta ( 1 large vein) transfers oxygen and nutrients from the bother

Ectoderm

Skin, hair, nails, nervous system

Mesoderm

Muscles, skeletal, other organs

Enoderm

Glands & digestive system

When can you determine the sex of the child?

Around 18-20 weeks by ultrasound

Age of Viability

(Around 22-26 weeks) Chance of survival outside the uterus based on the development of lungs

When are tetraogens most likely to affect the organism?

During the embryonic period

Teratogen

Any environmental agent that can cause damage prenatally

Thalidomide

• Sedative used to calm people down

• Caused major deformities in baby’s arms, legs, & parts in the 70s

Caffeine

High amounts (100mL / a day) linked to low birth weight & risks to fetal development

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FASD)

Most severe on the spectrum

• Slow physically growth

• abnormalities in the face

• brain issues

Lead

Can harm brain development and cause other developmental problems

Why do infants born to teens have higher rates of problems?

Teen pregnancies have higher rates of preterm birth and low birth weight

What does folic acid help prevent?

Neural tube defects such as spina bifida

Lightening

When the baby drops lower into the pelvis before labor

Transition

The final part of cervical dilation, from about 8 to 10 cm

Stages of Childbirth

1) Dilation and effacement of the cervix

2) Birth of the Baby

3) Delivery of the Placenta

Apgar Rating

A quick newborn check of heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, reflexes, and color

Why are apgar ratings done twice?

To check the bay’s condition immediately after birth and again after a few minutes

Common approach to controlling pain during labor

Epidural anesthesia

Induced labor

Labor that is medicted rather than beginning naturally start

Placenta Previa

The placenta covers or is too close to the cervix

Placental abruption

The placenta seperates from the uterus too early

Preterm infant

A baby born before 37 weeks of pregnancy

Most important stimulation for preterm infants

Gentle touch and skin-to-skin contact can support development

Rooming-in

Keeping the newborn in the same room with the parent after birth

Moro reflex

A startle reflex where a baby extends the arms and then pulls them inward

Least developed sense at birth

Vision

SIDS

• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

• An unexpected infant death during sleep

How can you prevent SIDS?

Place babies on their backs