m7 (3/3) - liver, gallbladder, pancreas disorders

list liver disorders

• viral hepatitis

  • acute viral hepatitis

  • chronic viral hepatitis

• cirrhosis

list gallblader disorders

• cholelithiasis

• cholecystitis

list exocrine pancreas disorders

• acute pancreatitis

• chronic pancreatitis

5 strains of hepatitis

HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV

which hepatitis strains can cause acute hepatitis?

all 5 strains

which hepatitis strains can cause chronic liver disease and liver cancer?

HBV, HVC

acute hepatitis

• what it causes in the body

• physiological effects that result from it if damage occurs

• causes hepatocyte destruction, scarring, hyperplasia of hepatic macrophages

• intrahepatic ducts being damaged can lead to jaundice and obstruction

why can viral hepatitis can co-infection with other strains

transmission routes are the same (thru bodily fluids), causing more rapid liver disease progression

what antibody assay can test for

specific type of hepatitis

3 stages of acute viral hepatitis (explain timing and what occurs in each - signs and symptoms)

1. prodromal phase = viral inflammatory effects: 2 wks after exposure (jaundice, fatigue, vomiting, headache) most infectious during this

2. icteric phase = effects of lier damage: lasts 2-6 wks (jaundice, dark urine, clay-coloured stool, enlarged liver, palpating the liver causes pain)

3. convalescent phase = healing and repair: 6-8 wks after exposure (jaundice resolves, liver remains large and tender)

chronic viral hepatitis

• what it is

• diagnostic testing results, time period persisting to be considered abnormal

• antigen results

• persisting clinical manifestations and liver inflammation even after acute stages of HBV, HCV infection

• liver function test abnormal after 6 months

• HBV, HCV surface antigens persisting

liver diseases that chronic viral hepatitis can bring

cirrhosis, liver cancer

cirrhosis

irreversible fibrotic liver disease from damage and inflammation, causing scar tissue - is a multi-system disease that causes various physiological conditions (hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ascites, portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, esophageal varices) where channels for liver function are blocked, altering liver metabolism and structure

causes of cirrhosis

HBV, HCV infection, excessive alcohol consumption, hepatotoxin

hepatotoxin

any chemical substance causing injury to the liver (drugs/toxins, etc)

treatment of cirrhosis

no specific treatment, can be rest, vitamin supplements, good nutrition

most severe clinical consequence of liver disease (from chronic or acute)

liver failure

% of reduced liver function from liver failure

80-90%

neurological failure condition from liver failure (and its symptoms)

hepatic encephalopathy - asterixis, confusion, coma

condition from liver failure affecting the breath (and its effect)

fetor hepaticus - causes chronic musty odor of breath

hematological dysfunction conditions resulting from liver failure (3) (and their symptoms/signs)

• anemia

• thrombocytopenia

• leukopenia

spleen dysfunction reduces blood cells and leads to loss of clotting factors; symptoms/signs:

• purpora

• petechiae

• expistaxis

• spider angioma

• hemolysis (breaking/rupturing of RBCs)

term for formation of gallstones

cholelithiasis

term for gallbladder inflammation if gallstones obstruct cystic ducts of the gallbladder

cholecystitis

most common chemical component that forms gallstones

cholesterol (can also be bilirubin, calcium, but less likely)

3 factors that could favour cholelithiasis

• bile composition abnormalities (ex/ more cholesterol in bile)

• stasis of bile from obstructed gallbladder

• cholecystitis causing excessive water and bile salt absorption

clinical manifestations of cholelithiasis

• abdominal pain

• jaundice

• pain after 30 min - several hours after eating fatty meals

reason why cholelithiasis pain occurs after eating fatty meals

gallstones lodge in the cystic / common duct

what jaundice indicates in cholelithiasis

indicates that stone is lodged in the common bile duct, and bile backs up into the liver

lodging a stone in the cystic duct will cause ________

[cholecystitis] - gallbladder inflammation

acute pancreatitis

exocrine pancreas disorder causing reversible inflammatory process from premature activation of pancreatic enzymes

most common manifestation of acute pancreatitis

ongoing abdominal pain

3 effects obstructed outflow of pancreatic digestive enzymes causes

• pancreation secretions accumulate

• enzymes within the pancreas pathologically activate

• autodigestion occurs, causing vascular damage, necrosis, edema, inflammation

autodigestion

process in which organ/tissue is digested by its own enzymes/own secretions

severe-acute form of acute pancreatitis

can gallstones cause pancreatitis?

yes