Philosophy of Love and Friendship Exam 1

ethics

right or wrong way to treat/act for others

intrinsic

having something because its desirable

instrumental

having something to get something out of it

philosophical ethics

it helps figure out or analyze the question from right or wrong

value theory

how to live the good life. the good life intrinsically values friendship, romance, and generosity

normative ethics

systematic study of what actions are right/wrong ex. norms

metaethics

judgements from above about what is right or wrong (murder, robbery, crimes)

validity

truth of premises lead to a true conclusion

invalidity

conclusion does not logically follow with the premises

sound

both true premises and true conlcusions meaning it is valid

unsound

false premises and false conclusion, either leads to invalidity

Aristotle: virtue

what makes anything fulfill its proper function well

moral virtues

state of character chooses us to act/feel according to the mean that prescribes as good (courage, generosity, honesty)

intellectual values

birth and growth to teaching, questioning, logical, social order, rational animals

C.S. Lewis: gift-love

self sacrificial love for another

C.S. Lewis: need-love

response to a person that fulfills a need or desire for the other

C.S. Lewis: appreciative-love

unselfish love. feeling of admiration or worship for another

Carol Nicholson: patriotism

dangerous love for one’s country

Carol Nicholson: backward-looking arguments

patriotism is a duty we owe. Nicholson believes they don’t look far back enough in the past, where patrioitism destroyed civilizations

Carol Nicholson: forward-looking arguments

our future is better with patriotism. Nicholson believes patriotism leads to nations being against other nations, a battle of who has the most patriotism

C.S. Lewis: need-pleasures

derived from satisfying a need/desire in general

C.S. Lewis: pleasures of appreciation

derived from valuing something for its own sake, such as listening to music

C.S. Lewis: view on sub-human, patriotism, nature

they are all good for the person, but should be kept in place. Do not worship

C.S. Lewis: affection/storgē

natural love for the familiar. includes need-love the most and gift-love

C.S. Lewis: dangers of affection

being possesive due to not wanting change, jealously, favoritism

Jane English “Grown Children Owe Parents:” moral obligations

a friendship between children and parents. it is mutual rather than expecting repayment back

Aristotle: virtue ethics

cultivate virtues that allow you to flourish. questions the good life and traits necessary to flourish

Aristotle: moral virtues: state of character

stable condition of the soul

Aristotle: moral virtues: state of character: differentiation from passion and faculty

a person can complete an action, but the feeling may not match

Aristotle: moral virtues: actions and feelings

channel feelings into actions. overtime, train the feelings

Aristotle: moral virtues: the mean

the right spot between the extremes. ex. rashness-courage-coward

Aristotle: moral virtues: the good

virtous actions must be done for the sake of the good

Aristotle: moral virtues: the good: practical wisdom

knowing what to do in situations

Aristotle: friendship

reciprocated goodwill where each person is aware of it

Aristotle: goodwill in friendship

wishing good for another

Aristotle: utility friendship

exchanging useful things with each other

Aristotle: pleasure friendship

enjoy being around the person, may not be equal

Aristotle: virtue friendship

value for who they are, not for what they provide. they care about each others good

Immanuel Kant: goodwill

doing something because its the right thing to do

Immanuel Kant: will

ability to make a choice and choose the motivation for the sake of duty

Immanuel Kant: duty

pure respect for the moral

Immanuel Kant: categorical imperative

universal commands necessary in themselves and not as means to some further end

Immanuel Kant: categorical imperative: formula of universal law

act in ways in which everyone else should act

Immanuel Kant: categorical imperative: formula of humanity

dont use people. treat them as yourself—as an end and never simply as a means

Immanuel Kant: perfect duties

negative duties that forbid specific actions such as lying and cheating

Immanuel Kant: imperfect duties

positive duties that tell us what we should do such as helping others and telling the truth

Immanuel Kant: steps to the categorical imperative

1. determine the maxim of action: intentions

2. universalize the maxim: imagine

3. can it be achieved?

4. can the world universalize it?

Immanuel Kant: friendship

each person entirely on making the other person happy. friendship does not equal moral

Immanuel Kant: need-friendship

trust one to fulfill needs in life

Immanuel Kant: taste-friendship

enjoyment/derive from friends company

Immanuel Kant: disposition-friendship

opening up/depositing oneself to others