Health psychology psychoneuroimmunology

Psychoneuroimmunology

The field that studies the interaction among behavior, the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the immune system

Psychoneuroimmunology

The field that studies the interplay between thoughts of motion and behavior and the nervous system endocrine system and immune system

Separate

Initially many physiologists viewed the nervous system, endocrine system and immune system as ______

Nervous system, endocrine system and immune system

What three systems are seen as interconnected in the psychoneuroimmunology field

Ader and Cohen

The scientists that showed that rats immune systems could be classically conditioned

Rats immune systems could be classically conditioned

What Discovery showed that there was a relationship between the nervous system, endocrine system and immune system

Robert Ader

The man known as the father of psychoneuroimmunology for his discovery that rats immune systems could be classifically conditioned

Bidirectional

There is a___________relationship between the central nervous system, endocrine system and immune system

Immunosuppressive drug

What was the unconditioned stimulus in adder and Cohen's experiment

Sugar water

What was the neutral stimulus in adder and Cohen's experiment

Immune suppression

In the experiment with adder and Cohen, rats showed _______ ________ even if they were only given the sugar water after conditioning

Immune suppression

What was the conditioned response in adder and Cohen's experiment

Link

The discovery that rat's immune systems could be classically conditioned demonstrated that there was a ______ between the nervous system and the immune system

Psychoneuroimmunology

A field that studies how stress influences immunity

Multidisciplinary

Psychoneuroimmunology is very _________ and incorporate psychology, Neuroscience, immunology, genetics, behavioral medicine, endocrinology and more.

Psychoneuroimmunology

Stress and health outcomes are a primary focus of this field

Psychological

Psychoneuroimmunology studies the _______ and behavioral factors that precede stress-related immunity

Health

There is bi-directionality between stress and ______

Connected

There is lots of evidence that stress and immunity are __________. This has been shown through multiple meta-analyzes

Meta-analysis

Herbert and Cohen performed a _______ of 38 stressful events and Immune function and healthy adults. This meta-analysis involved many types of stressors and was associated to increases in numbers of white blood cells and decreases in helper t cells suppressor t cells cytotoxic t cells and natural killer cells

Similar

A second met at analysis performed in 2001, replicated Herbert and Cohen's analysis and had ______ findings with a clear link between stress and immune function

Correlation

Meta-Analysis have shown a clear ______ between stressors and life and immunity

Naturalistic stressors

Stressors that occur in real life\ out in the world. These can be studied through correlational methods. They can be short-term such as medical exams or long-term's such as divorce or bereavement

Acute laboratory stressors

Short-term stressors that are placed on people in a laboratory setting

Immune

Meta-analysis connected acute laboratory stressors short-term naturalistic stressors in long-term naturalistic stressors to _____ function

Slower

Stress resulted in _____ wound healing

More

Increased stress resulted in people becoming _____ sick when exposed to a virus

Decreases

Meta-analysis showed consistent stress-related increases in numbers of total white blood cells including neutrophils as well as _______ in number of total t cells and natural killer cells

Acute stress paradigm

Exposing people to a short-term stressful task in a laboratory setting

Self-Report

Examining stress in the laboratory can give insight into how people respond to stress in real life and avoid ______ error

Laboratory

Measuring stress in the _______ can give you behavioral measures such as blood pressure and physiological changes

Arithmetic test speech test and physical stressor

What are acute stressors that people can be exposed to in a lab

Arithmetic test

A stressful task where people have to count backwards from a number in certain increments and it is timed

Speech task

A task where people have to give a speech in front of their peers but are only given a very brief amount of time to prepare

Speech task

What is the most common stressor used in the laboratory

Cold

Physical stressors used in lab include the ______ stressor which involves the person placing their hand in a cold ice bath for as long as they can

Trier social stress test

A test where people must perform an arithmetic task in a speech task, but they are yelled at by the experimenter and given dirty looks from their peers which adds a social evaluative threat

Cortisol

The findings of the Trier social stress test show that people's _______ raises two to four times what their baseline level is

Psychological distress and reactivity

What are the two outcomes assessed when evaluating stress in the laboratory

Psychological distress

This can be measured by asking how worried someone is or viewing how tense they are

Reactivity

Degree of change in autonomic or neuroendocrine function

Reactivity

This can be measured in response to stress and can measure changes in blood pressure, heart rate and cortisol

Reactivity

Measuring for this outcome involves taking a baseline assessment and a new measure after the stressor

Infectious disease paradigm

The paradigm that assesses who is likely to develop illness after exposure to a virus. Distress effect to get sick after exposure?

Wound healing paradigm

The paradigm that assesses if stress causes a difference in wound healing rates

Infectious disease

Cohen performed an experiment on the ____ _____ paradigm where he measured stressful life events and perceived stress. Then injected 276 healthy adults with a cold virus and closely monitored for onset and length of cold

Onset

Cohen's infectious disease paradigm experiment injected 278 healthy adults with a cold virus and closely monitored for _____ and length of colds

Extraneous

Cohen's infectious disease paradigm experiment controlled for a number of ______ factors by quarantining the adults for 5 days in a hospital. He controlled for outside exposure, seasonal differences, and pre-challenge immunity

People under more stress were more likely to get sick

What was the finding of Cohen's infectious disease paradigm experiment

Life events and difficulty schedule

How did Cohen measure stress in his infectious disease paradigm experiment

Life events and difficulty schedule

The system of assessing stress in Cohen's infectious disease paradigm experiment where he considered stressful life events and performed an interview about appraisal

No

And Cohen's infectious disease paradigm experiment did acute stressors have an effect on immunity

Acute stressors

This type of stressor does not have much of an effect on immunity and did not increase the likelihood of participants contracting the illness

Chronic stressors

Which type of stressors impacted health and made it more likely for participants to contract the illness

15%

A chronic's dresser lasting a month caused a ____ increase and likelihood of contracting an illness

20

Chronic stressors lasting more than 3 months or more than 6 months are associated with a 15 to ______% increase in risk of contracting the illness in Cohen study

Direct

There is a ______relationship between duration of a life stressor and relative risk of coming down with a cold

4

Someone having a chronic stressor for longer than 24 months has over a ______ times chance of being infected by a cold

Cytokines

Studies found that stress associated with caregiver burden caused dysregulation of _______ and interleukins which are key chemicals involved in immune and healing responses.

Caregiver Burden

This is a big topic of study in PNI and relates to caring for a sick or vulnerable family member.

Caregiver

A caregiver is an individual who provides care to a sick or vulnerable family member.

No

Are health providers considered caregivers?

Caregiver Burden

_____ ______ is often a major perceived stressor as it requires lots of resources, is uncontrollable, and involves negative outcomes or emotions.

Less

Caregivers have _________ education or specific healthcare knowledge than health professionals. They aren’t specialists and may not know all the ins and outs of care or medications.

More

Caregivers have ______ emotional ties to their patients. They often have more worry associated with the outcomes of their care.

Caregivers

______ have to provide care or think about their family member 24 hours a day. They can’t escape the burden of caring for their significant person.

Day to Day

Caregivers have to handle the __________ to _____________ activities of their loved one including appointments.

Sacrifices

Caregivers may have to make _____ in their own lives including not taking vacations or balancing between caring for elderly parents and their own children

Financial

Caring for a loved one can be extra stressful because it can come with an extra ________ strain to provide for their needs.

50 million

How many people in our society are caregivers to a sick or vulnerable family member?

Caregiver burden

High level of distress experienced by those caring for close others who have a chronic illness?

No, refers to family members or close others

Do doctors or nurses experience caregiver burden?

Chronic

Caregiver burden refers to caring for someone with a ______ illness.

Physical

Caregiver burden has been linked to _________________ outcomes like high blood pressure, high heart rate, and high cortisol.

Depression and Depressive Symptoms

What is the outcome that is the most strongly linked to caregiver burden?

Caregiver

Often healthcare providers focus on the patient and not how their ____________ is doing.

Perception

Caregiver burden ultimately depends on _________________. Some may have an especially difficult time with caring for a loved one if they feel the responsibility was dumped on them or they aren’t able to handle it well.

Perception

Caregiver burden ultimately depends on _________________. Some may view caring for a loved one as difficult yet rewarding.

Caregiver Reaction Scale

A scale that determines how people perceive the responsibility of caring for someone. Do they see it as a strain or a privilegde?

Perceive

The caregiver reaction scale and the zerit burden scale are measures of how caregiver’s __________ their role.

Heterogenous

The study by Golivs that assessed the key areas of impact for family members who care for those with chronic illnesses studied a _____________ population of caregivers for spouses, parents, and children with a variety of conditions.

Emotional Impact

What was the most prevalent area of impact for caregivers of individuals with a chronic illness?

Emotional Impact

The most prevalent area of impact for caregivers that involves anxiety, worry, sadness and other negative affects

Daily Activities

A prevalent area of impact for caregivers that involves things like scheduling appointments, transporting the person, meals and needs.

Family Relationships

A prevalent area affected by caring for a loved on with a chronic illness that involves strain between family members. Ex: strain between siblings caring for an elderly patient.

Janic Kiecolt-Glaser

The pioneer of research in the area of caregiver burden and studying caregivers

Wound Healing Paradigm

Janic Kiecolt-Glaser pioneered the ____ _________ ________ as an empirical and replicable way to study the physical effects of caregiver burden.

Cortisol

The wound healing paradigm monitored the healing of the wound but also measured levels of _____ and inflammatory molecules

Would Healing Paradigm

An experiment to test the physical effects of stress by making a punch excision of flesh and monitoring the healing progression (when did it not foam in response to hydrogen peroxide?)

Caregivers

Who was the experimental group in the wound healing paradigm?

Caregivers

The _________ in the wound healing paradigm were aged 47-81 and had an average of 8 years of caregiving. They cared for their significant person for 7 hours a day.

7

The caregivers in the wound healing experiment cared for their significant other person for ____ hours on average meaning it was like their full time job.

Caregivers

In the wound healing experiment which group had higher cortisol?

Caregivers

In the wound healing experiment which group had higher percieved stress?

Slowly

Wound healing occurred much more ___________ in caregivers than in the control group

10

It took caregivers ________ more days than the control group for wound healing.

Depression

Kiecolt Glaser hypothesized that ________ was the key factor behind caregiving that led to slower wound healing.

True

True or false: The findings in Kiecolt-Glaser’s wound paradigm were also seen in younger individuals.

Physical

Chronic stress over time has been associated with chronic ______ problems.

Disease

Chronic stress has been associated with the development of ______________.