Psychology - Chapter 6, 7, 8

learning

A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

associative learning

Learning through either classical conditioning or operant conditioning that two events are connected.

classical conditioning

Learning by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the conditioned response after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus (like a reflex).

operant conditioning

A form of learning in which the consequences of behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence; also called "instrumental conditioning".

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the conditioned response after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

conditioned response (CR)

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

unconditioned response (UCR)

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

The initial learning of the stimulus-response link, which involves a neutral stimulus being associated with an unconditioned stimulus and becoming a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response (classical conditioning),

generalization

The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response (classical conditioning).

discrimination

The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not to others (Classical conditioning).

extinction

The weakening of the conditioned response in the absence of he unconditioned stimulus (classical conditioning).

spontaneous recovery

The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay without further conditioning.

UCS (unconditioned stimulus)

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, before conditioning what is the food considered in the experiment using a dog?

UCR (unconditioned response)

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, before conditioning what is the dog salivating considered int the experiment using a dog?

neutral stimulus

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, before conditioning what is the bell considered in the experiment using a dog?

no response

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, before conditioning what is the no salivationl considered in the experiment using a dog?

neutral stimulus

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, after conditioning what is the bell considered in the experiment using a dog?

UCS (unconditioned stimulus)

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, with conditioning what is the food considered in the experiment using a dog?

UCR (unconditioned response)

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, with conditioning what is the dog salivates considered in the experiment using a dog?

CS (conditioned stimulus)

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, after conditioning what is the bell considered in the experiment using a dog?

CR (conditioned response)

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, after conditioning what is the dog salivates considered in the experiment using a dog?

phobia

Irrational fear.

counterconditioning

A classical conditioning procedure for weakening a conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear.

Thorndike's Law of Effect

Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, whereas behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.

shaping

The process of rewarding approximations of desired behavior.

reinforcement

The process by which a stimulus or an event strengthens or increases the probability of a behavior or an event that it follows.

attention, retention, production, reinforcement

What are the four main processes of observational learning?

latent learning

Learning, in the absence of reinforcement, that is not immediately reflected in behavior.

insight learning

A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of the problem's solution.

encoding, storage, retrieval

What are the 3 phases of memory?

encoding

How information gets into memory storage.

elaboration

The extensiveness of processing at any given level of memory.

selective attention

Paying attention to certain things, ignoring others.

divided attention

Occurs when a person must attend to several things simultaneously.

memory storage

How information is retained over tie and how it is represented in memory (sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory)

George Miller

Who wrote a classic paper on "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two?

serial position effect

When a person is asked to memorize a list of words, the words memorized last usually are recalled best, those at the beginning next best, and those in the middle, least efficiently.

recall

A memory task in which the individual must retrieve previously learned information.

recognition

A memory task in which the individual only has to identify learned items when they are presented.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

The first psychologist to conduct scientific research on forgetting.

sensory memory

The memory system that holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

reasoning

Mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions.

inductive reasoning

Reasoning from the specific to the general.

deductive reasoning

Reasoning from the general to the specific.

confirmation bias

Tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them.

belief preserverance

Tendency to hold on to a belief in the face of contradictory evidence.

overconfidence bias

Tendency to have more confidence in judgments and decisions than we should, based on probability or past experience.

hindsight bias

Tendency to falsely report, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an event.

critical period of learning

Between about 18 months of age and puberty during which a first language, and the rules of that language, must be acquired.

Eric Lenneberg

Who proposed that there is a critical period for first learning language?

chronological age

The number of years a person has lived.

mental age

An individual's level of mental development relative to others.

aptitude tests

Tests that predict how readily an individual can learn a skill or what the individual can accomplish with training,

achievement tests

Tests that measure what a person has learned or the skills that a person has mastered.