Mood Disorders

Major Depressive Disorder

A mood disorder characterized by at least one major depressive episode with persistent sad or low mood, complete worthlessness, extreme guilt, disruptions in sleep, appetite, and sex drive.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

A chronic state of depression with milder symptoms lasting for two or more years, leading to social isolation and increased suicide risk.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

A severe form of premenstrual syndrome characterized by mood symptoms such as deep sadness, anxiety, tension, anger, irritability, and panic attacks.

Bipolar I Disorder

A mood disorder involving at least one manic episode, which may or may not be preceded or followed by major depressive episodes.

Bipolar II Disorder

A mood disorder characterized by hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes without the occurrence of full-blown manic episodes.

Rapid cycling bipolar disorder

A subtype of bipolar disorder characterized by four or more severe mood disturbances within a single year.

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)

A diagnosis for children aged 6 to 18 characterized by severe recurrent temper outbursts that are grossly disproportionate in intensity or duration to the situation.

Suicidal ideation

Thoughts of death, which can range from passive (wish to be dead) to active (planning how to commit suicide).

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A psychological treatment focused on understanding how thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors influence depression.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A biological treatment for severe depression that induces seizures to relieve symptoms, particularly when other treatments are ineffective.

Comorbidity

The presence of one or more additional disorders co-occurring with a primary disorder, commonly seen in depressive and bipolar disorders.

Cognitive distortions

Errors in thinking that contribute to negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future.