SAS 15 | Abortion and Parturition

Sixty fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards testing concepts from VEM007 Student Activity Sheet #15 on abortion etiology, infectious agents, and the stages, physiology, and management of parturition.

The termination of pregnancy before it reaches full term is defined as ___________.

abortion

Substances that induce abortion are classified as ___________.

abortifacients

Abortion is triggered either by physical stress, disease, or exposure to abortifacient substances in feed and ___________.

medication

The domestic livestock species affected by Vibriosis is ___________.

cattle

In cattle, Vibriosis is caused by the bacterium ___________ fetus venerealis.

Campylobacter

The reproductive effects of Vibriosis in cattle include embryonic mortality and ___________ abortion.

early

Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects ___________ mammals.

all

The causative agent of Leptospirosis is Leptospira ___________.

interrogans

Pomona, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Icterohemorrhagiae, and Bratislava are serovars of the bacterial species Leptospira ___________.

interrogans

In pregnant animals, Leptospirosis typically leads to late abortion as well as weak calves and ___________.

piglets

Brucellosis is also commonly known as ___________ Disease.

Bang's

Bang's Disease in cattle is caused by the bacterium Brucella ___________.

abortus

Brucellosis in sheep and goats is caused by the bacterium Brucella ___________.

melitensis

Brucellosis in swine is caused by the bacterium Brucella ___________.

suis

The reproductive effects of Brucellosis include abortion, reduced breeding efficiency, and retained ___________.

placenta

Listeriosis is also commonly referred to as ___________ Disease.

Circling

The domestic animal species affected by Listeriosis (Circling Disease) are sheep and ___________.

cattle

Circling Disease (Listeriosis) is caused by the bacterial pathogen Listeria ___________.

monocytogenes

Listeriosis characteristically causes ___________ stage abortion in cattle and sheep.

late

The protozoan parasite responsible for Bovine Trichomoniasis in cattle is Trichomonas ___________.

fetus

The reproductive effect of Bovine Trichomoniasis in cattle is ___________ abortion.

early

Toxoplasmosis affects sheep, cattle, swine, and all mammals including ___________.

humans

The protozoan causative agent of Toxoplasmosis is Toxoplasma ___________.

gondii

In pregnant livestock, Toxoplasmosis typically causes ___________ abortion.

late

The livestock species listed in the notes as affected by Neosporosis is ___________.

cattle

The protozoan causative agent of Neosporosis in cattle is Neospora ___________.

caninum

Neosporosis triggers abortion during ___________ stages of gestation in cattle.

all

Bovine Viral Diarrhea is caused by a viral agent belonging to the genus ___________.

Pestivirus

The reproductive effects of Bovine Viral Diarrhea in cattle include abortion and congenital ___________.

problems

IBR-IPV is an abbreviation for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis or Pustulate ___________.

Vulvovaginits

The viral causative agent of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR-IPV) is Herpesvirus ___________.

$$1$$

In cattle, IBR-IPV characteristically triggers abortion in the ___________ half of gestation.

second

In horses, Equine rhinopneumonitis is caused by Herpesvirus ___________.

$$1$$

Equine rhinopneumonitis causes abortion in mares during the ___________ trimester.

last

Equine Viral Arteritis in horses is also known by the common name ___________.

Pink eye

The causative agent of Equine Viral Arteritis is classified as a(n) ___________.

Arterivirus

Equine Viral Arteritis triggers abortion in mares during the ___________ half of gestation.

second

In swine, Pseudorabies is caused by a virus belonging to the family ___________.

Herpesvirus

The reproductive effects of Pseudorabies in swine include abortion, embryonic mortality, stillbirth, and mummified ___________.

fetuses

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is caused by a virus belonging to the genus ___________.

Arterivirus

In addition to mummified fetuses and stillbirth, PRRS causes premature ___________ in sows.

farrowing

PRRS causes respiratory disease in swine neonates, nursery, and ___________ pigs.

finisher

In swine, the condition SMEDI is caused by a viral agent classified as a(n) ___________.

Enterovirus

In the swine disease SMEDI, the letters stand for Stillbirth, Mummification, Embryonic Death, and ___________.

Infertility

The domestic livestock species listed as being affected by Aspergillosis abortion is ___________.

cattle

The three fungal species of Aspergillosis causing abortion are Aspergillus absidia, Aspergillus mucor, and Aspergillus ___________.

fumigates

Aspergillosis causes abortion in cattle during the middle to ___________ trimester.

last

Among the abortifacient plants listed, Red-rooted ___________ can cause abortion.

pigweed

The toxic abortifacient plant listed as ___________ can induce abortion in livestock.

Lechuguilla

The toxic abortifacient plant Milk Vetch is also commonly known as ___________.

locoweed

Among the abortifacient plants listed, Skunk ___________ is included.

Cabbage

Listed as an abortifacient plant in the notes with an alternate spelling is Ponderosa ___________.

fine

The evergreen plant included in the list of plants that could cause abortion is ___________.

Juniper

The common forage legumes listed that could cause abortion include Clovers and ___________.

Alfalfa

Both a Vitamin A deficient diet and Vitamin A ___________ can cause fetal resorption, abortion, and congenital problems.

toxicosis

Vitamin A deficiency or toxicosis can result in abortion, congenital problems, and fetal ___________.

resorption

The process of giving birth to offspring is defined as ___________.

parturition

The specific parturition term for bitches giving birth to puppies is ___________.

whelping

The specific parturition term for cows giving birth to calves is ___________.

calving

The specific parturition term for sows giving birth to piglets is ___________.

farrowing

The specific parturition term for ewes giving birth to lambs is ___________.

lambing

The specific parturition term for mares giving birth to foals is ___________.

foaling

Expansion of the pelvis prior to birth is mediated by the secretion of relaxin and ___________.

estrogen

Demineralization of the ___________ symphysis allows the birth canal to expand during the last days of gestation.

pubic

The soft tissues around the tail head appear sunken prior to parturition because the ___________ ligament tends to relax.

pelvic

Relaxation of the pelvic ligament prior to parturition is influenced by estrogen and ___________.

relaxin

Most dams are already producing milk prior to parturition, indicating the onset of ___________.

lactation

Prior to parturition, most dams experience a decrease in body temperature, whereas sows tend to exhibit a(n) ___________ in temperature.

increase

Prior to parturition, the dam's vulva softens and becomes ___________.

swollen

During an internal examination prior to parturition, the cervix is found to be ___________.

dilated

Mucus stringing from the vulva indicates that the cervix has dilated and the ___________ is expelled.

mucus plug

The anatomical structure that seals off the uterus from microorganisms throughout gestation is the ___________.

mucus plug

In layman's terminology, the rupture of the amniotic sac is referred to as breaking of the ___________.

water bag

A behavioral change prior to parturition where the dam separates herself is ___________ from the rest of the flock or herd.

isolation

Prior to giving birth, dams frequently exhibit ___________ behavior.

nesting

While most dams go off feeding prior to parturition, ___________ continue to feed even during parturition.

horses

Among farm animals, the behavioral and physiological sign of sweating prior to parturition is observed only in ___________.

horses

Behaviorally, dams approaching parturition show noticeable signs of distress and ___________.

discomfort

Parturition is thought to be triggered when the fetus releases ___________ into the maternal circulation.

cortisol

In response to fetal cortisol release, the placenta increases the production and release of ___________.

estrogen

Due to estrogen release, the ___________ muscles begin to contract and prepare to expel the fetus.

uterine

Uterine contractions and the regression of the corpus luteum are triggered when the uterus releases Prostaglandin ___________.

$$F_{2\alpha}$$

Prostaglandin $F_{2\alpha}$ causes the regression of the ___________ luteum.

corpus

The regression of the corpus luteum results in a drop in ___________, which further stimulates uterine contractions.

progesterone

The first stage of parturition is called the ___________ Stage.

Preparatory

The normal presentation and position of the fetus at birth is clinically termed ___________.

eustocia

In normal fetal presentation (eustocia), the fetus is positioned right side up with front feet pointing out the cervix and the chin resting on the ___________.

forelegs

During the preparatory stage of parturition, exposure of the fetal membranes through the vulva occurs with possible rupture of the ___________ sac.

amniotic

The second stage of parturition is called the ___________ Stage.

Expulsion

During the expulsion stage of parturition, uterine contractions intensify and the dam performs ___________ pressing.

abdominal

The final event of the second stage of parturition is the expulsion of the ___________.

fetus

The third stage of parturition is called the ___________ Stage.

Cleaning

The primary event occurring during the cleaning stage of parturition is the expulsion of the ___________.

placenta

In mares, expulsion of the placenta normally occurs within $15\,\text{minutes}$ after ___________.

foaling

In swine, expulsion of the placenta typically occurs within $1\,\text{hour}$ after ___________.

farrowing

In cattle, expulsion of the placenta may take up to $12\,\text{hours}$ after ___________.

calving

Abnormal orientation of the fetus upon birth is clinically defined as ___________.

dystocia

Three common problems encountered in parturition are dystocia, prolapsed uterus, and retained ___________.

placenta

A common parturition problem where the uterus turns inside out and projects through the birth canal is a prolapsed ___________.

uterus

The hormone that stimulates contraction of the uterus and milk let-down is ___________.

oxytocin