BIO - CELLS

from 9/18

why cells are so small

• they need to maintain a ratio of surface area to volume so organisms can exchange material/info externally + internally quickly

if they don’t change shape, ____ cells have a ____ SA to V ratio, it’s efficiency _____.

larger, lower, decreases

if the structure/shape changes, SA and V ____, and efficiency ______.

increases, increases

• single-celled

• SMALL

prokaryotic

examples of prokaryotic

bacteria, archaeans

• multicellular life, but can also be single-celled

• full of “stuff”

• “everything else”

• LARGE

eukaryotic

examples of eukaryotic

protists, plants, animas, fungi

________ organisms try to grow as ____ as they can w/o losing _____.

single-celled, large, efficiency

everything inside the plasma membrane except the nucleus in eukaryotes

cytoplasm

jelly like substance that fills space in cytoplasm

cytosol

____ holds organelles/ribosomes in _____

cytosol, eukaryotes

_____ holds nucleoid/ribosomes in ______

cytosol, prokaryotes

• membrane-enclosed

• compartmentalize eukaryotic cell activity

organelles

• has most of the cell’s dna

• enclosed by a double membrane

• has nucleolus

nucleus

• made of 2 phospholipid bilayers

• has pores to transport molecules

nuclear envelope

double membranes are made of what?

2 phospholipid bilayers

area in nucleus where ribosomes are synthesized

nucleolus

genetic info in DNA is used to synthesize _____ via ______

proteins, ribosomes

molecular machines made of RNA and protein

ribosomes

have protein factories that combine amino acids into polypeptides

ribosomes

_________ synthesize proteins that function in the cytosol

free ribosomes

considered _______ when they float around in cell fluid (cytosol)

free ribosomes

attached to the ER/nuclear envelope

bound ribosomes

bound ribosomes synthesize proteins that are ______ into ________ and _______ into organelles

inserted, membranes, packaged

carries out cellular respiration (ATP production) in ALL eukaryotic cells

mitochondria

mitochondria are bound by a _________ and the inner membrane is intensely folded into ______

double membrane, cristae

_____ increases the surface area while keeping the overall volume of the mitochondria constant

cristae

innermost cavity

mitochondrial matrix

• does photosynthesis in plants/algae

• solar energy ——> chemical energy

chloroplasts

has a double membrane (inner/outer)

chloroplasts

has the stroma

inner membrane

stacked + folded membranous sacs that float in the stroma

thylakoids

individual stacks of thylakoids

grana

many organelles interact as part of the endomembrane system, which contributes to molecular……

synthesis, distribution, storage, export