Classics 2440B - Alexander The Great (Lesson 2)
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Who conquered Egypt in 526/5 BC
Cambyses.
What happened after Cambyses' death in 522 BC
Widespread revolts in the Persian Empire.
Who seized the Persian throne in 521 BC
Darius I.
What religious ideology did Darius I emphasize
The worship of Ahura Mazda.
What inscription did Darius I commission to legitimize his rule
The Behistun Inscription.
What administrative reform did Darius I implement
Division of the empire into satrapies.
Which campaign did Darius I launch in Europe
The Scythian campaign (514 BC).
What was the political structure of the Persian Empire
A centralized monarchy with satrapies.
What was the political structure of Greece
Independent city-states (poleis).
What key feature allowed Persia to maintain control
Extensive roads and a professional bureaucracy.
What was a major weakness of the Greek poleis
Frequent shifting alliances and rivalries.
What year did Persia conquer Thrace and Macedonia
492 BC.
In what year did the First Persian expedition against Athens occur
490 BC.
Which battle halted Persia's first invasion of Greece
The Battle of Marathon.
Who led the Second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC
Xerxes.
Which battle is known for the heroic last stand of 300 Spartans
The Battle of Thermopylae.
What naval battle in 480 BC resulted in a decisive Greek victory
The Battle of Salamis.
Which battle in 479 BC ended Persia's invasion of mainland Greece
The Battle of Plataea.
What alliance was formed in 478 BC to liberate Ionian Greeks from Persia
The Delian League.
What was the Delian League originally formed for
To continue fighting Persia and liberate Ionian Greeks.
What did Athens transform the Delian League into
An Athenian Empire.
What class of citizens benefited most from Athenian naval power
Thetes (rowers).
Who oversaw major Athenian building projects, including the Parthenon
Pericles.
Which war (459-446 BC) increased tensions between Athens and Sparta
The First Peloponnesian War.
What financial policy did Athens impose on its allies
Tribute payments.
Which two major alliances fought in the Peloponnesian War
The Athenian Empire vs. the Peloponnesian League.
What was the primary reason for the Peloponnesian War
Sparta feared Athens' growing power.
What was the first phase of the war (431-421 BC) called
The Archidamian War.
What event weakened Athens early in the war
The Athenian Plague.
What treaty temporarily ended the war in 421 BC
The Peace of Nicias.
Which Athenian military campaign in 415-413 BC ended in disaster
The Sicilian Expedition.
Who provided Sparta with financial support to build a navy
Persia.
What was the final phase of the war (413-404 BC) called
The Decelean/Ionian War.
In what year did Athens surrender to Sparta
404 BC.
What happened to Athens after its defeat
The Long Walls were dismantled, and its empire dissolved.
What was the long-term effect of the Peloponnesian War on Greece
Political and military exhaustion.
Which external power manipulated Greek rivalries
Persia.
Which Greek city attempted to dominate after Sparta
Thebes.
Which Macedonian king later unified Greece
Philip II.
What ended Athens' Golden Age
Its defeat in the Peloponnesian War.
What was the main cause of the Persian-Greek conflict
Persian expansion threatened Greek independence.
What was the key to Athenian democracy and power
Naval strength.
Why was the Peloponnesian War significant
It weakened all Greek states, paving the way for Macedonian dominance.
How did Persia influence Greek politics
By funding rival city-states to keep Greece divided.
Who ultimately capitalized on Greek disunity
Macedonia.