Russia, the Soviet Union, and the Changing European World (1914–2001)

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering Russian, Soviet, Cold War, and post-Cold War European history from 1914 to 2001.

In 1906, the __________ reaffirmed Nicholas II's autocratic authority.

Fundamental Laws

Stolypin's coup in 1907 introduced electoral changes that favoured __________.

conservatives and landowners

In 1915, the __________ demanded a government with public confidence.

Progressive Bloc

The battles of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes in 1914 resulted in major Russian __________.

military defeats

Nicholas II connected himself personally to military failures when he assumed military command in __________.

August 1915

In February 1917, unrest at the __________ demonstrated industrial discontent.

Putilov Steelworks

Mass demonstrations in Petrograd were triggered on 23 February 1917 (Old Style) by the __________ demonstrations.

International Women's Day

On 27 February 1917 (Old Style), the __________ removed crucial military support for the Tsar.

Petrograd Garrison mutiny

The abdication of Nicholas II in March 1917 (New Style) ended approximately __________ years of Romanov rule.

$$300$$

The Russian term for Dual Power in 1917, which created competing political authority, was __________.

Dvoevlastie

In March 1917, __________ strengthened soldiers' committees and weakened government military authority.

Order No. 1

Following Lenin's return from exile in April 1917, the April Theses demanded "__________".

All Power to the Soviets

The failed military campaign in June 1917 that severely damaged Provisional Government credibility was the __________.

June Offensive

In August 1917, the __________ increased Bolshevik credibility and strengthened the Red Guards.

Kornilov Affair

In September 1917, __________ was elected chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, giving him influence over the revolutionary movement.

Trotsky

In October 1917, the seizure of power was organised by the __________.

Military Revolutionary Committee

The Bolshevik seizure of power on 25 October 1917 (Old Style) overthrew the __________.

Provisional Government

In April 1922, Stalin was appointed __________, giving him decisive influence over party appointments.

General Secretary

During the 1920s, the Secretariat and the __________ enabled Stalin to build extensive patronage networks.

Orgburo

Written in 1922–23, __________ criticised Stalin's personality and suggested considering his removal.

Lenin's Testament

In 1923–24, the Triumvirate formed to isolate Trotsky consisted of Stalin, __________, and Kamenev.

Zinoviev

From 1924 onwards, Stalin's ideological doctrine of "__________" directly challenged Trotsky's Permanent Revolution.

Socialism in One Country

In 1927, the Left Opposition was defeated, resulting in Trotsky being politically marginalised and expelled from the __________.

party

With the defeat of the Right Opposition in 1928–29, Stalin consolidated absolute power and abandoned the __________.

NEP

Between 1918 and 1921, the policy of __________ centralised the Soviet economy during the Civil War.

War Communism

From 1918 onwards under War Communism, the system of forced grain requisitioning from peasants was known as __________.

Prodrazvyorstka

In March 1921, the __________ demonstrated fierce opposition to Bolshevik policies.

Kronstadt Rebellion

Introduced under the NEP in 1921, __________ replaced grain requisitioning with a tax in kind.

Prodnalog

In 1921, Lenin justified the introduction of the NEP by describing it as "__________".

One step backward, two steps forward

During the 1923 Scissors Crisis, industrial prices rose relative to __________ prices.

agricultural

In 1928, the __________ marked the strategic shift towards forced collectivisation and rapid industrialisation.

Great Turn

The First Five-Year Plan (1928–32) primarily prioritised __________ development.

heavy industrial

During the Stalin era, collective farms were termed Kolkhozy, whereas state-owned farms were called __________.

Sovkhozy

Established from 1921 onwards, __________ served as the central state planning agency.

Gosplan

During the 1930s, the newly built industrial complex of __________ became a major centre for steel production.

Magnitogorsk

Officially established in 1934, __________ used art and literature to promote communist ideals.

Socialist Realism

In 1935, the __________ movement was introduced to promote exemplary workers and increase industrial productivity.

Stakhanovite

The period of mass NKVD terror in 1937–38 is known historically as the __________.

Yezhovshchina

In June 1937, the purge of the Soviet military leadership was demonstrated by the execution of __________.

Tukhachevsky

Introduced in 1932, __________ restricted population mobility, particularly limiting rural-to-urban movement.

Internal passports

In 1936, the Soviet Family Code restricted __________ and made divorce more difficult.

abortion

In 1946, George Kennan sent the __________, which heavily influenced US containment policy.

Long Telegram

Under the Truman Doctrine of March 1947, the United States provided assistance of __________ to Greece and Turkey.

$$\$400\text{ million}$$

Announced in June 1947, the Marshall Plan provided economic assistance amounting to __________ to rebuild Western Europe.

Over $\$13\text{ billion}$

Formed in 1947, __________ coordinated international communist parties under Soviet influence.

Cominform

Between 1948 and 1949, the Western response to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin was the __________.

Berlin Airlift

Established in 1949, __________ coordinated economic cooperation within the Soviet bloc.

Comecon

In February 1956, Nikita Khrushchev delivered his __________, which criticised Stalin and raised expectations of reform.

Secret Speech

On 1 November 1956, Hungarian Prime Minister Imre Nagy threatened Soviet control of Eastern Europe by announcing Hungary's withdrawal from the __________.

Warsaw Pact

Following the suppression of the Hungarian Uprising in 1956, __________ was installed as the Soviet-backed leader.

János Kádár

Construction of the Berlin Wall commenced on __________.

13 August 1961

In October 1961, direct superpower tank confrontation occurred in Berlin at __________.

Checkpoint Charlie

In 1968, Alexander Dubček sought to liberalise Czechoslovak communism under the guiding slogan "__________".

Socialism with a Human Face

Enunciated after the Prague Spring in 1968, the __________ justified military intervention to preserve socialism in the Eastern bloc.

Brezhnev Doctrine

From April 1969 onwards, __________ led Czechoslovakia's return to strict communist control.

Gustáv Husák

Introduced by Gorbachev from 1985 onwards, the policy of __________ fostered increased political openness and reduced censorship.

Glasnost

Signed in December 1987, the __________ Treaty eliminated an entire category of intermediate-range nuclear missiles.

INF

In 1989, the Soviet policy signalling non-intervention in Eastern European domestic politics was known as the __________.

Sinatra Doctrine

Communist rule in Czechoslovakia was brought to an end in November–December 1989 by the __________.

Velvet Revolution

The formal dissolution of the Soviet Union occurred in __________.

December 1991

In November 1989, Chancellor Helmut Kohl outlined a pathway towards German unity in his __________.

Ten-Point Plan

Signed on 12 September 1990, the __________ Treaty established the international conditions for German reunification.

Two Plus Four

Official German reunification took place on __________.

3 October 1990

From 1990 onwards, the __________ privatised and restructured former East German state enterprises.

Treuhandanstalt

The German psychological concept describing persistent post-unification divisions between East and West is "__________".

Mauer im Kopf

Signed on 7 February 1992, the __________ established the formal European Union framework.

Maastricht Treaty

Formulated in 1993, the __________ established strict requirements for countries seeking entry into the European Union.

Copenhagen Criteria

Implemented in March 1995, the __________ agreement eliminated internal border controls among participating European states.

Schengen

In July 1995, over $8{,}000$ Bosniak men and boys were murdered by Bosnian Serb forces in the __________ genocide.

Srebrenica

On 14 December 1995, the Bosnian War was formally concluded by the __________.

Dayton Agreement

On 12 March 1999, Poland, Hungary, and the __________ officially joined NATO.

Czech Republic

Vladimir Putin was appointed acting Russian president on __________.

31 December 1999