general micro

Father of modern microciology

Father of bacteriology

Louis pasteur

Robert koch

Contibutions of louis pasteur , vaccines discovered

Robert koch discovery , contributions

Kochs postulates

Exceptions to kochs postulates

Paul ehrlich

Joseph lister

Anton von leeuwenhoek

Ernst ruska

Hc gram

Edward jenner

Karry B mullis

Alexander flemming

Kleinberger

Barbara Mcclintock

Gram stain

Steps, important step, gram poor organisms

Steps - Come- carbol fuschin -primary stain

In - iodine - mordant

And- alcohol/acetone -decolourizer

Stain- saffranin red - secondary stain

CRUCIAL STEP- decolourizer

Gram poor organisms -MRCS

mycoplasma , rickettsia, chlamydia, spirochetes

ZN stain

Concentrations of Mtb , M leprae, coccidian parasites,

Nocardia legionella, spores head of sperm

C-carbol fuschin -primary stain

Heat - mordant

A-acid - decolourizer

M- methylene blue / malachite green -secondary stain

Cold ZN/ kinyoun/ gabbett stain

Cryptosporidium, cyclospora, isospora - coccidian parasites

ALBERT STAIN

Done for

Albert stain 1&2 composition

Order of adding solutions -manual preparation of stain

Other stains used for volutin granules

Done for bacteria with Volutin , bipolar, babes ernst , metachromatic granules

Albert stain 1- toludine blue , malachite green , glacial acetic acid - final purple clr

Albert stain 2- iodine

Order of adding solutions- TIM - toludine blue, iodine , malachite green

Other stains- PLAN - ponders,lofflers methylene blu(best) , albert , neisser

Spore stains

ZN stain (0.25-0.5%)

Schaeffer and futon stain/ mod ashby stain

- malachite green + saffranin red

Negative stain eg , organism

Eg -India ink, Nigrosin

Organism-crypococcus

Silver stains eg, organism

Eg- levaditi fontana

Organism- spirochetes

Leifson and ryu stain used for , mordant

For flagella

Mordant- tannic acid

Dark field microscopy

Uses what light

Used to visualise ?

Uses reflected light

Used for very thin structures - spirochetes , flagella

Phase contrast microscope

Parts added?

Principle

Use

Used for ?

Parts added - annular diaphragm in front of condenser , annular phase plate

Principe - difference in intensity

Use - to see internal details

Used for hairy cell leukaemia

Fluorescence microscope

Light source ?

Mirror type ?

Principle ?

Dyes for Tb, malaria , fungus , flow cytometry

Auto fluorescence shown by ?

Light vs electron microscope

Fixation ? Embedding ? Slide ? Source ? Medium ?

Resolution?

Scanning vs transmission electron microscope

Principe ? Dimension? View and time ? Details ?

Which organism has both capsule and slime layer

Strept salivaris

Capsulated bacteria

All capsulated bacteria have polysaccharide capsule except

Yersinia pestis

Bacillus anthracis - have polypeptide capsule

Methods of demonstration of capsule

structural arrangement of gram positive bacteria

Gram positive bacteria have peptidoglycan , pentapeptide cross bridge , techoic acid attachment

Gram positive vs gram negative

Lipid content ? Composition ? NAM NAG ? Teichoic acid ? Outer membrane ? Periplasmic space ?

Endotoxin

Present in which bacteria

Present in which layer

Present in gram negative bacteria

Prsnt in lipid A layer

Peptidoglycan + teichoic acid prsnt in gram positive except

Peptidoglycan + LPS present in gram negative except

Flagella contains which antigen

Parts of flagella

Seen in which microscopy

Contains H antigen

Parts -1) basal body -4 rings in gram negative , 2 in gram positive

2)hook 3)filament

Seen in dark field microscopy

Types of bacteria based on location /number of flagella

Monotrichous , amphitrichous, iophotrichous , perittichous

Methods of demonstration of motility

Fimbriae/ pili

Purpose

Which are responsible for locomotion

Detection done by ?

Purpose - adhesion (conjugation/ sex duction )

Type 4 pili for locomotion- seen in Neisseria &pseudomonas )

Detection - hemagglutination (e coil , klebsiella, gonococci)

-surface Pellicle

Obligate aerobes , obligate anaerobes

Facultative anaerobes

Microaerophiles

Bacterial growth curve

Lag phase

Log phase events , spl point

Population doubling time for E. coli ,mtb, m leprae

Stationary phase , death phase spl points