wards

dog normal parameters

T: 99-102.5

P: 80-120bpm

R: 20-40brpm

cat normal parameters

T: 99-102.5

P: 160-200bpm

R: 20-40brpm

IVC protocol

rewrap everyday

replace every 3 days

what is cushings/hyperadrenocorticisim

increased cortisol as a result of a tumor in pituitary gland or adrenal gland

cushings/hyper clinical signs

pu/pd, polyphagia, panting, lethargy, pot-bellied appearance, thin skin, symmetrical alopecia

cushings/hyper diagnostics

acth stim, LDDST, HDDST, imaging

cushings/hyper treatment

trilostane

what is diabetes mellitus

disorder of blood glucose regulation

who is most commonly affected by diabetes mellitus

small breed dogs + overweight cats

clinical signs of diabetes mellitus

pu/pd, polyphagia, lethagry, weight loss can occur

fact about diabetes mellitus

>75% of diabetic dogs develop cataracts

what is addisons/hypoadrenocorticism

decreased adrenal hormone production

clinical signs of addisons/hypo

can be vague and can wax/wane: lethargy, weakness, weight loss, v+/d+, decreased appetite, pu/pd

diagnostic for addisons/hypo

ACTH stim test

common sign of addisons/hypo

electrolyte imbalance: hyperkalemia, hyponatremia

what is FIV

feline immunodeficiency virus

how is FIV spread

spread through deep bite wounds - no cure

what is FeLV

feline leukemia virus

how is FeLV transmitted

through mutual grooming, shared bowls, opened wounds/body fluids - no cure

what is a side effect of FeLV

can cause neoplasia - worse prognosis than FIV

what is leptospirosis

zoonotic infection caused by leptospira

how is leptospirosis spread

urine of infected animals - PPE

clinical signs of leptospirosis

fever, lethargy, vomiting, kidney & liver damage

what is feline hepatic lipidosis/fatty live disease

any type of anorexia that lasts longer than 2 weeks causes an imbalance in fat metabolism resulting in excess fat accumulation in hepatocytes

clinical signs of feline hepatic lipidosis/fatty live disease

anorexia, weight loss, depression, vomiting

diagnostics for feline hepatic lipidosis/fatty live disease

CBC, Chem, elevated liver enzymes, hyperbilirubinemia, decreased albumin

treatment for feline hepatic lipidosis/fatty live disease

nutrition

what is CKD: chronic kidney disease

loss of function nephrons, irreversible, can progress over months to years

who does CKD affect most

older animals and cats

how does CKD start

congenital or acquired

clinical signs of CKD

pu/pd, uremia, anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, GI upset, hypertension, stomatitis/mouth ulcers, tremors

how does CKD contribute to anemia

erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys and stimulates RBC production, so decreased kidney function can decreases the amount of erythropoietin produced, resulting in anemia

what is IMHA

immune mediated hemoytic anemia - immune system destroys own RBCs

who gets IMHA more commonly

young/middle aged female dogs

clinical signs of IMHA

anorexia, weakness, depression, tachycardia, pale MM

treatment for IMHA

focused on controlling immune response

glucocorticoids - prednisone/dexamethasone

some patients may need a blood transfusion

what can IMHA cause

IMHA leads to hypercoagulability, which can lead to thromboembolism

what IVDD/intervertebral disc disease

degeneration of verterbral disc disease, compresses spinal cord and nerve roots

clinical signs of IVDD

pain, ataxia, weakness, knuckling, incontinence

diagnostics for IVDD

neuro exam, radiographs, MRI

treatment for IVDD

rest, NSAIDs, gabapentin, methocarbamol, bladder expression, surgery, physical therapy

what is myleomalacia with IVDD

when fatal softening and necrosis beings caudal to the lesion than ascends. Once it occurs at c5-c7, affects phrenic nerves - paralyzes diaphragm

what is pancreatitis

when the digestive enzymes start prematurely activate and digest the pancreas itself

diagnostics for pancreatitis

snap cPL

what is a portosystemic shunt

normally blood from abdominal organs pass through the portal vein into the liver to be detoxified - with a shunt gets bypassed through the liver

what is the TPLO (tibial plateau leveling osteotomy) surgery

treatment for cranial cruciate ligament tear

what is the surgery (TPLO)

it is to stabilize and restore function to the knee

what is total hip replacement

replacing the ball and socket joint with a prosthetic

what are indications for a total hip replacement

arthritis secondary hip dysplasia, fractures, luxation/dislocation, severe painful hip disease

what is a hemilaminectomy

spinal surgery to relieve spinal cord compression, commonly from IVDD

what should you do with hemilaminectomy patients

rotate to prevent pressure sores and reduce risk of atelectasis/lung collapse

what is cystotomy

incision into the bladder to remove cystoliths, remove a tumor/mass, remove blood clots, obtain biopsies

what is post-op management for cystotomy’s

pain management, fluid therapy, monitor uop (urine output), antibiotics, appropriate urinary diet

what can occur after a cystotomy

hematuria (should resolve after 24-48hours)

what is in whole blood

RBCs, plasma protein, clotting factors, some platelets

what are indications for whole blood

acute hemorrhage, anemia with coagulapothies

what is in packed red blood cells (pRBCs)

concentrated RBCs

what are indications of packed red blood cells (pRBCs)

anemia without coagulopathy

what is in fresh frozen plasma (FFP)

all clotting factors, albumin

what are indications for fresh frozen plasma (FFP)

coagulopathy, rodenticide, DIC

what is in cryoprecipitate

vWF, factor VIII, fibrinogen

what are indications for cryoprecipitate

hemophilia A, von Willebrand disease

what is in platelet rich plasma

platelets

what are indications for platelet rich plasma

severe thrombocytopenia with bleeding

what are blood transfusion reactions

fever, vomiting, facial swelling, tachycardia, hypotension, and pruritus

what blood is typically used in wards for transfusions

packed red blood cells (pRBCs)

trazadone

anxiolytic

used for cage rest, post-op rest, and behavioral disorders

enrofloxacin/baytril

fluoroquinolone antibiotic

baytril & p-lyte should not be mixed together

do not use in growing or young animals - can cause retinal toxicity/blindness in cats

maropitant/cerenia

antimetic

dilute 1:1

ampicillin

beta-lactam antibiotic, bactericidal

used for GI, urinary tract, skin, soft tissue, and respiratory infections

methadone

full mu opioid, schedule II

reveresed with naloxone

adverse effects: vomiting, panting, vocalizing, bradycardia

gabapentin/neurontin

neuropathic pain, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic

given PO

ondansetron/zofran

antiemetic

treats/prevents nausea and vomiting

metoclopramide/reglan

antiemetic + prokinetic

carprofen/rimadyl

NSAID for post-op pain/injury

bupernorphine

partial opioid agonst

mild/moderate analgesia, used for pre-anesthesia

reversed with naloxone

pantoprazole/protonix

proton pump inhibitor

used for conditions involving gastric acid including GERD