Basically Basic Chemistry

A chemical ______ such as CO2 represents the elementary composition of any pure substance

Chemical Formula

What are different structural forms of the same element called? For example O2 and O3.

Allotropes

What are atoms of the same element (therefore same number of protons) but different number of neutrons?

Isotopes

What are pure substances? What are its two categories?

Elements and compounds. Has constant uniform composition.

Elements

Contains one type of atom.

Compounds

Contains two or more elements that are chemically combined.

What are mixtures? What are the two types?

Two or more elements that are physically combined. Homogenous and heterogenous.

What is the other name for a Homogenous Mixture?

Solution

What is a Homogenous Mixutre?

A uniform composition. For example, air and salt in water.

What is a Heterogenous Mixture?

The composition that varies. For example, dirt.

What is a Physical Change?

Changes appearance or state of matter, but the chemical formula remains the same. Ex: Water to Ice.

For the periodic table, rows or columns have elements of similar chemical properties.

Columns

Why are columns on the periodic table important?

The elements of the same group have the same number of valence electrons.

What do rows represent on the period table?

The same number of electron shells.

What is an atom? How is it different from an element?

Smallest unit of an element that can exist as a stable independent entity. Elements contain all the isotopes.

What are molecules?

Atoms that are chemically combined and act as an independent unit.

What does the Atomic Number represent?

The number of protons in the element.

What does the Mass Number represent?

The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Represents different isotopes.

Isotope

Element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

What is a Diatomic Molecule?

Molecules that feature two identical atoms. For example O2 and H2. W

What happens to light for a opaque material? What about for transparent materials?

The path of light is altered. For transparent the light is allowed to mostly pass through.

What is the atomic structure of a Crystal?

Well ordered atomic structure. For example, crystalized silicon dioxide is called Quartz.

What is the atomic structure of an Amorphous material?

Disordered atomic structure.

What is the order of masses of the subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons)?

Protons and neutrons are the same mass. Electrons are much less mass.

—Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 Divider —

What are the 5 layers of the atmosphere?

Exosphere

Thermosphere

Mesosphere

Stratosphere

Troposphere

What layer of the atmosphere is the Ozone Layer in?

Stratosphere

What is the chemical equation of cellular respiration?

Glucose and oxygen create water, carbon dioxide, and energy.

What 5 elements make up the homogenous mixture of Air? (Arranged in abundance)

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Argon

Carbon Dioxide

Ozone

If two gasses have the same pressure and temperature, and equal volume, then they will have the same what?

Number of molecules

For molecular compounds, what does ending in -ide mean?

It is for binary compounds, the second element’s end is changed to -ide.

For molecular compounds, what does the prefix hepta- represent?

7

For molecular compounds, what does the prefix tetra- represent?

4

For molecular compounds, what does the prefix hexa- represent?

6

For molecular compounds, what does the prefix nona- represent?

9

For molecular compounds, what does the prefix di- represent?

2

What is the chemical formula of Dinitrogen trioxide

N2O3

What prefixes counts the number of carbon atoms?

Meth-, Eth-, Prop-, But-

Then the rest are the same as for molecular compounds, except you remove the -a

What are the 6 Air Pollutants?

Carbon Monoxide

Sulfur Dioxide

Nitrogen Dioxide

Ozone

Lead

Particulate Matter

How is carbon monoxide produced and what is its other name?

From incomplete combustion. The silent killer

What are the 5 products of combustion?

Carbon dioxide

Carbon monoxide

Sulfur Dioxide

Ozone

Nitrogen

What are hydrocarbons?

Compounds made up of only hydrogen and carbon. For example, methane.

What are the two sides of a chemical equation called?

Left side are the reactants, right side are the products

What is the limiting reagent?

The limiting reactant in a chemical reaction.

What are Organic Compounds?

Compounds that always contain carbon and sometimes hydrogen.