Urinary

Kidneys

Primary organs responsible for filtering blood and forming urine, maintaining homeostasis.

Ureters

Muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder using peristaltic movements.

Urinary Bladder

A hollow organ that collects and stores urine until it is excreted.

Urethra

The duct through which urine is conveyed from the bladder to the outside of the body.

Homeostasis

The role of kidneys in regulating the composition, pH, and volume of body fluids.

Erythropoietin

A hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production.

Renin

A hormone secreted by the kidneys that regulates blood pressure.

Calcitriol

The active form of Vitamin D produced by the kidneys, enhancing calcium absorption in the intestines.

Renal Cortex

The outer region of the kidney containing renal corpuscles, where filtration begins.

Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.

Glomerular Filtration

The first step in urine formation, where blood is filtered, allowing small molecules to pass into the Bowman’s capsule.

Tubular Reabsorption

The process occurring primarily in the proximal tubule where filtered substances are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.

Aldosterone

A hormone that conserves sodium and promotes potassium excretion, influencing blood pressure and fluid balance.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Hormone that increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts, concentrating urine and reducing its volume.

Kidney Stones

Solid formations from calcium oxalate or uric acid that can cause severe pain and require treatment.

Micturition Reflex

The process of urination involving contraction of the bladder and relaxation of the urethral sphincter.

what is a major part of homeostasis?

maintaining the composition, pH, and volume of body fluids within normal limits

What are the organs in the urinary system?

2 Kidneys
2 Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra

where are the kidneys located ?

upper abdomen

Where is urinary bladder located?

pelvic cavity

tunica fibrosa

tough fibrous capsule that encloses kidneys

retroperitoneal

behind parietal peritoneum

which kidney is higher?

left

Renal sinus

Hollow chamber in medial depression in Kidney

Hilum

Entrance to renal sinus, where renal artery enters kindey and reanl vein and ureter exit Kinney.

Renal Pelvis

Funnel shaped sac, on the superior end of ureter.

major calyces

large tubes that merge to form renal pelvis

Minor calyces

small tubes that merge to form major calyces

renal medulla

inner region composed of renal pyramid s

renal cortex

outer region of kidney

renal columns

extensions of cortex that dip into medulla

renal capsule

fibrous capsule around kidney

nephrons

functional units of kidney, each is a site of urine production

3 areas of kidneys

Renal Cortex, Renal Medulla, Renal Sinus

Which artery enters nephron?

afferent

branches of a kidney

Renal artery.
Segmental artery
Interlobar artery.
Arcuate artery. Cortical radiate artery.
•Afferent arteriole.
•Glomerulus
•Efferent arteriole.
•Peritubular capillaries.- *After this changes to veins
•Cortical radiate (interlobular) vein. -
•Arcuate (arciform) vein. •Interlobar vein.
•Renal vein.

What leads to glomerulus?

afferent arteriole

How does blood flow within each nephron?

Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent arteriole → Peritubular capillaries

2 Parts of Renal Corpuscle

Glomerulus Renal tubule

glomerulus

Cluster of capillaries; filters blood, (first step in urine formation).

functions of kidney

1.Regulate the volume, composition and PH of body fluids
2.Remove waste products from blood and excrete them
3.Control rate of RBC production by secreting erythropotein
4.Regulate BP by secreting enzyme renin
5.Regulate calcium absorption by activating vitamin D

Glomerular Capsule / Bowman's Capsule

receives filtrate from glomerulus

Renal tubule

consists of a glomerulus and a glomerular capsule. It is the site of blood filtration in the kidney.

pathway through renal tubule

Nephron Loop

Divided into descending and ascending limb
Distal Tubule
Collecting Duct

Where is the site of urine production?

nephron

2 types of nephrons in the kidney

cortical nephrons and Juxtamedullary nephrons

Which nephron has a longer loop?

cortial nephrons

nephritis

Inflammation in the kidney

glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the glomeruli, acute or chornic

What is Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN) a result of?

1-3 weeks after infection by strep

The kidneys are located retropertoneally. This means they are ______ the peritoneum.

behind

what hormone is secreted by the kidneys?

erythropoietin

name the blood vessel that delivers blood to each glomerulus

afferent arteriole

Name the renal process that occurs at the renal corpuscle.

filtration

Describe the composition of glomerular filtrate.

like plasma, but lacking larger protein molecules

Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole and/or vasodilation of the efferent arteriole will cause a _______ in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

decrease

What causes a greater amount of filtration to occur at glomeruli than at other capillary beds of the body?

Glomeruli have a higher hydrostatic pressure.

What tube-like structure carries urine from the kidney to the bladder?

ureter

Define incontinence.

uncontrolled leakage of urine

The major regions of the kidney are the outer region, called the

_____, and the inner region, called the _______

cortex, medulla

Which of the following is voluntarily controlled?

the external urethral sphincter

what composes a nephron?

A renal corpuscle and a renal tubule

What is the collective name for the three smooth muscle layers found in the wall of the urinary bladder?

the detrusor muscle

Aldosterone acts on the ________

distal tubule

Blood plasma is filtered in the

renal corpuscle

The function of the kidneys is to maintain normal body fluid composition and pH by adjusting the composition of the _____ being produced.

urine

The kidneys serve additional functions, including the production of the hormone __________ that regulates red blood cell production.

erythropoietin

The kidneys help in blood pressure regulation by altering the volume of urine produced and by producing the enzyme ______ which catalyzes the production of angiotensin

renin

The kidneys activate _________ which then helps in the absorption of calcium from the digestive tract.

vitamin D

Antidiuretric hormone secretion increase when water concentration in body

decrease

The renal corpuscle consists of a capillary bed called the _________ and a capsule of epithelial cells.

glomerulus

The _______ _______ of blood forces water and solutes out of the blood and into the capsule.

hydrostatic pressure

Glomerular filtrate collects in the ______ ______ before entering the first portion of the renal tubule, called the ______ _______

capsular space , proximal tubule

After flowing through the proximal tubule, fluid enters the ______ ______ which extends toward the renal papilla.

nephron loop

Fluid in the ______ ______would flow into a collecting duct.

distal tubule

Blood first enters the kidney through the _____ ______, which is a branch of the ______

renal artery , aorta

This major artery gives off several branches that repeatedly divide until the final branch, _______ _______, which leads into the nehpron.

afferent arteriole

This arteriole leads into a capillary bed called the _________ , the site of filtration.

glomerulus

Blood leaves the capillary bed through the _______ _______ , which leads into another capillary bed called the ________ _______

efferent arteriole , peritubular capillaries

After the capillary bed, the veins merge into large vessels that lead into the one ______ ____ leaving the kidney, which drains into the _____ ____ ____.

renal vein, inferior vena cava

Diabetes mellitus will lead to appearance of _______ in urine.

glucose

ADH effect is on proximal tubule

False