Psyc 2317 exam 1

How to achieve sexual well being?

• Pleasure

• Protection

• Focus

• Purpose in life

What is emotional literacy?

• Knowing what to say

• Knowing how to name body parts

• Knowing how to protect yourself

What does emotional literacy allow?

Allows people to talk freely about their sexual feelings

What did John Kellogg do?

Circumcision without ansthsia or carbolic acid applied to the clitoris- used to “cure” masturbation

What was some sexual degeneracy?

• Masturbation can lead to death

• Bisexuality/ homsexuality

• Attitudes often biased againsts women and children

What did Charles Darwin do?

Explained how sex contributes to diversity of life

What did Richard von Krafft- Ebing do?

Case studies; coined the terms fetishism and perversions

What did Magnus Hirschfeld do?

Used surveys, helped found the homosexual rights movement in Germany

What did Havelock Eliis do?

Authority in the treatment of sexual problems in heterosexual marriages; had an open marriage with feminist wife

What did Sigmund Freud conclude?

Our earliest desires and fantasies revolve around conflicted suxal attration to the opposite sex parent

What did Sigmund Freud develop?

Psychoanalysis designed to uncover feelings and memories hidden in the unconscious mind

• Repression

• Biological bisexuality

• Erogenous zones

What did Alfred Kinsey?

• Pioneered the scientific survey study

• Representative samples

• Developed sexuality continuum

What did Masters and Johnson do?

• Observed sexula behavior in the laboratory behind a two- way mirror

• Developed a technique to deal with sexual dysfunctions

• Discovered that women could have multiple organisms

What is the national health and social life survey (NHSLS)?

• Goal: To nduce eithnic diversity, identify how sexuality was changing, and study the role of pleasure in sexual behavior

• Random sample: Every element in the population has an equal chancce of being selected

How are research participants protected?

• Data collection is done anonymously and confidentially

• Paticipants are of legal age

• Authenticating that results are truthful (age, ethnicity, and gender)

• No harm is done to research participants

What are the benefits of sex research?

• STI’s

• Unintended pregnancy

• Mental and physical health

• Sexual well-being

What are some interdisciplinary goals?

• To better understand human sexual behavior

• To help predict the sexual behavior of others

• To influence laws and plicies regarding sexual behavior

What is intersectionality?

Addresses the combination of all kinds of social identities and social inequality

What is social justice?

Fair distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges, which implies respect, dignity, and the application of human rights in daily life

What is qualitative research?

Focuses on meaning and context, with small or nonrandom samples, or both

• Objectivity: no bias

• Generalizability: applies to large population

• Reliability: repeated less

• Validity: measures what it is meant to measure

What are varibales in quantitative research?

Characteristic or value

• Independent variable (IV): Manipulated varibale

• Dependent varibale (DV): measured variable

• Correlation: measures strength of the relationship between variables

What is retrospective self- report?

Memory of an event in ones life

What is retrospective bias?

Tendency to misremember certain aspects of lifestyle events

What are surveys and interviews?

• Self administered written questionnaires

• Face-to-face interviews

• Telephone surveys

• Internet-based surveys

What are direct observation?

Observe natural behaviors in context as they occur

• Need: Representative samples and accurate recordings and videotapes

• Disadventages: Observers may influece the behavior they are observing

• Self-reflection: Only people who are comfortable with being observed agree to participate

What is experimental research?

• Cause and effect relationships

• Often focuses on physiological responses to various stimuli

• Laboratory setting can influence participant behavior

• Some equipment is very costly

What are universal human rights?

• Equality and nondiscrimination

• Teach and learn about sex

• Respect peoples bodies

• Be sexually active or not

• Choose when and how to have children or not

• Pursue sexual pleasure in a safe and satisfying way

What is sex research comes of age?

The data is given as follows: Percentage for married females is 85 percent, for married males is 75.5 percent, for married males is 75.5 percent and married homosexual males is 4.5 percent

What contributes to your sexuality?

Intersection of contributions to human sexuality

• Species

• Culture

• Individually

What is procreation?

Conception of offspring

What are bonobos?

• Only (non-human) species to pursue sex for fun and pleasure as well for procreation

• Unlike other primate species in several respects: Peaceable and matriarchal

• Females bonobo sexually active year-round- 75% of sexual behavior is NON- reproductive (bonding and pleasure)

• Conceiving and bearing only one offspring every 5-6 years (Estrus cycle)

What is estrus cycle?

Fertile period when a female ovulates and is most receptive to becoming pregnant

What is human sexual culture?

• Norms: Cultural rules about acceptable behavior

• Human sexual nature: Combination of human culture and human nature working together to produce sexual behavior

What is pair bonding and culture?

The sexual and romantic association between two people

• Provides great adaptive advantages

• Reproduction, protection, sharing food and recources

• Having sexual norms prevented competition within the group over females

What are cultural influences?

• Sex for reproduction

• Sex for pair bonding and pleasure

• Slow development of sexual maturity

• Form nuclear families and extended families

• Incest taboo

• Form social institutions: Government, and religions to affirm our norms

What are symbolic boundaries?

Divides people according to their religious beliefs about what are “good” or “bad” sexual behaviors

What are sexual individualities?

The unique expression of an individuals most basic sexual needs and attractions

• Sex approving culture

• Sex disaproving culture

What was prehistorix sex and communication?

• Cave art from 35,000 BCE France (Depict reproducction and contraception)

• Prehistoric art directly connects sex with spirituality

• Spirituality: Individuals inner sense of having deeper values, a spiritual path, or belied in an ultimate reality

What is sexual culture?

Distinct shared sexual meanings and sexual practices of a group

What is linked to the great world religions?

Rise of civilization and diiverse forms of sexuality

• Judaism-Islam-Buddhism-Hinduism- Taoism- Christianity

What is organized religion?

Sharing practices of worship with others and belonging to a group that is based on shared beliefs and practices

What is religious identity?

Social expression of an individuals faith in the context of community and nation

What was hinduism?

Asia civilization in India and South Asia in 3300 BCE

• Celebrates feemale fertility and mutual sexual satisfaction

What is Buddhism?

Asian civilization in Nepal and India during 563 BCE

• Tolerated sexual expression if it was not excessive

What year were Ancient Greeks?

800 BCE

• Sexual pleasure with restraint

• Sex is natural but too much sex is bad for your health

How were the ancient gods?

Higly sexual (zeus)

• Same sex relations were accpeted but they also married

How was Rome and early christianity?

197 CE greeks merged with Rome

• Certain sex- negative ideas were introduced with the rise of the Roman catholic church (Sodomy: any unnatural sex act)

How was the islamic civilization?

610 CE- prophet Muhammad

Values: Marriage and family and gaining entrance to heaven

• Male sexual honor

• Female virginity before marriage

• Gender segregation

• Husband duty to pleasure his wife sexually

What is polytheism?

Belief in multiple gods

• Hinduism and buddhism are generally seen as polytheistic, and both are generally more sex approving

What is monotheism?

Belief in one god

• Christianity, judaism and islam

What was in Western Europe?

Christianity vs Islam

What does chivarly mean?

A code of christian knights that focused on purity of heart and body, chastity for females, and honor in war

What happned in the Middle Ages?

Christianity became a state instituition

• Kings and popes appointed by god

• Women and sexuality were controlled

• Holy inquisition

What happened based on renaissance and enlightenment?

• New secular art and science challenge church

• By 1770’s sexuality more accepted

What happened in the 19th century?

Modern public health systems to control disease

• Sexual diseases like maturbation by children

• Public hygiene improved: A new way to control people

What happened in the victorian era?

Sex should be private and never mentioned

Rigid gender ules

• Women: Submissive, motherly, and asexual

• Children: Pure and sexually innocent

• Men: Sexually aggressive and stronger than the fair sex; a conflict between good and evil

What is puritanism?

The morally upright and socially strict beliefs and practices of the puritans

Influenced American society about : nudity, premarital sex, extramarital sex, virgnity and pornography

What is sexual identity?

Self- identification as heterosexual, bisexual and homosexual

Demands for womens equality and the greater visibility of homosexuals threatned masculinity

• Boy Scouts organization began

What was a new norm that emerged?

Heterosexual couple, a long term romantic sexual partnership

What is compassionate marriage?

The idea that a man and woman are not just sex partners but also social and intellectual companions and equals for life

• Religious control was still highly influential

What was happening post war sexuality?

20th century:

• Women tokk mens places in factories and management

• Early medical contraceptives

• An increase in sexually transmitted infections

What was 1960’s feminism?

Conraceptives: Pill in 1963 became readily available and recreational sex increased

Variations in sexual behavior became more common

What happened in the 1970’s gay liberation movement?

Gained momentum

• In 198, AIDS began to take its toll

• New wave of religious conservatism campaigned against all homosexuality, abortion, and sex education

Sexual socialization?

Application of a cultures blueprints to sexual feelings, thoughts, and behaviors (polygamy)

What is cultural relativism?

Viewing of peoples attitudes and behavior in the context of their own culture

What is cultural chauvinism?

Belief that ones cultural norms are superior to the norms of another group

What is sexual chauvinism?

Belied that ones sexual culture is superior to others

What is sexual unlearning?

Process of unlearning something about sexuality that may have been learned at a very young age

• Behaviors that are normal as a child are no loner accepted as a teen or adult

What is a double stigma?

Individuals who are excluded from both their community and from the larger society

• Rarely do church leaders champion support of the sexual well being, health, and rights of those that are stigmatized

• Progressive vs traditional churches

What are the four changes due to media?

1. Private sexual imagery has become public

2. More explicit sexual images are being shared in public

3. Explicit sex talk has become acceptable in diverse conversations

4. Sex in pop culture has transformed pblic attitudes about sexuality in society as a whole

What is sexual consumerism?

Use of sexuality to market and sell products to consumers

• Sexual imagery produces strong physiological responses (sex sells)

What are shared sexual images?

Content that contains explicit or hidden sexual messages, wether real or imagined, visual or auditory

• Can be symbolic or blatantly sexual

• Movies and music create sex symbols from performers

What is music?

Most powerful media to transform sexual attitudes

• Cahnging sexual attitudes reflected through music from 1920’s to today

• Lyrics and performances are more explicit

• Songs often blend your desires, identity and sexual behavior

Film censors in 1930’s?

Realized the influence movies have on sexuality

What happened in the 1950’s-1960’s?

Tv shows sanitized sexuality; gender roles highly stereotyped

• Married couples with separate beds

What are sitcoms?

Focused on new sexual themes previously regarded as private

• Diversity of sex lives, attitudes, and behaviors

• Premarital sex, extramarital affairs, out of wedlock births, gay relationships

What is reality TV?

Has involved all kinds of situations that challenge sexual norms

• Real life situations challenging sexual norms

• Both positive and negative

• Cable porn channels or sexuality educational programming

What is social networking?

Apps allow people to upload personal images and videos- erasing boundary between public and private

What are microcelebrities?

Internet users who gain a cult or mainstream following online

• Laci Green, YouTube channel “sex plus”

What is strange familiarity?

Peoples ability to feel like they know someone intimately without the other person knowing who they are

What is sexting?

Sharing highly explicit sexual images of themselves through the internet

• Beyong personal relationships, images may be passed around ammong strangers much like commercial pornography

What is sexual socialization?

Historicaly- intensely private, restricted to family

• Today: Intenet acess allows young people to learn about sex

• But early exposure to explicit content might be dangerous

What are sexuality and online risks?

• Distorting personal boundaries

• Online pornography

• The factuality of online sexual information

• Peoples authenticity online and the ability to detect fakery

• Young people meeting sexual predators or pedophiles online

What are some online sexual contexts?

• Learning about sexual health

• Seeking a romantic partner

• Reading a erotic story

• Viewing pornographic videos

• Playing games where they can virtually engage in sex ( having a avatar)

What does trasngender mean?

A person who expresses gender behaviors that vary from the norm

What are and can be online boundaries?

• Establish a set of boundaries (self- imposed rules) around what we are comfortable with posting online

• They help us all keep our own altitudes and tastes in perspective

What is females anatomy and physiology?

• Female reproductive system

• Hormones

• Menstruation

• Menopause

What males anatomy and physiology?

• Male reproductive system

• Cirumcision

• Hormones

What is the tenting effect?

The vaginal wals increases in szie during sexual arousal

What are batholins glands?

Glands located on each side of the vaginal opening

What is vaginal lubrication?

Fluid produced by the Bartholins glands in the vagina to aid in penetration during sexual activity

What is female circumcision?

The removal or shortening of the clitoris

What is female genital mutilation (FGM)?

Performing female circumcision without antiseptic or anesthesia

What is menstruation?

Cycle lasts about 24 to 35 days: average is 28 days

Menstrual cycle four phases:

1. Follicular phase

2. Ovulatory phase

3. Luteal phase

4. Menstrual phase

What is amenorrhea?

Absence of menstruation

What is dysmenorrhea?

Painful menstruation

What is menorrhagia?

Excessive menses (menstruation)

What is premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

Physical or emotional symptoms that occur during the last few weeks of the menstrual cycle

What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)?

Mood, behavioral, somatic, and cognitive symptoms

What is the ejaculatory pathway?

1. Start in s crotum

2. Up the vas deferens

3. Under the bladder

4. Connects w/ seminal vesicle, prostate gland and Cowpers gland to get vital fluids to help navigate vaginal secretions

5. Bladder is closed off

6. Strong muscles → muscles propel → semes along urethra → out penis tip