Anatomy Tapp

Two types of Peripheral Nerves

Somatic and Autonomic

Somatic

Voluntary, one continuous nerve from CNS to target, move skeletal muscle & transmit sensation from body walls

Autonomic

Involuntary functions, two nerves linked by synapses, occur between CNS and target, activate organs, transmit sensation from organs, glands, and internal structures

Efferent vs Afferent

Efferent is motor and Afferent is sensory

Synapses

Electrochemical communication between nerve cells and with tissues

Autonomic Nerves (Sympathetic and Parasympathetic)

Sympathetic = Fight or Flight and Parasympathetic = Rest and Digest

Sympathetic synapse

They synapse before reaching their target, in sympathetic trunk, in prevertebral ganglia

Parasympathetic synapse

Synapse in or near the walls of their targets

Parasympathetic nerves orgin

Originate from cranial nerves or sacrum

Digestive tract, Parasympathetic

signals for secretion of fluids (e.g., saliva, pancreatic enzymes) and contraction of smooth muscle

Digestive tract, Sympathetic

stops the secretion of fluids and muscle contractionstops the secretion of fluids and muscle contraction

Cardiovascular, parasympathetic

slows heart rate and dilates arteries

Cardiovascular, sympathetic

increases heart rate and constricts arteries

What is in the image

Manubrium

What is labeled

Sternum

What is labeled

Xiphoid process

What is labeled

Costal Cartilage

Label the image

ribs, pectoralis major, retromammary space, lactiferous ducts, nipple, suspensory ligaments

Label the two muscles

Pectoralis major, Serratus anterior

Label the two muscles

Pectoralis minor, serratus anterior

Label the muscles

External intercostal muscles, Internal intercostal muscles, External intercostal aponeurosis

Label the muscles

Endothoracic fascia, Innermost intercostal muscles

Label the muscle fibers

External intercostal muscles, Internal and innermost intercostal muscles

Intercostal neurovascular bundle definition

The intercostal neurovascular bundle is a group containing a vein, an artery, and a nerve that travels along the space between each pair of ribs

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Right dome of diaphragm, left dome of diaphram

Label 4 things (2 domes, 1 tendon, and 1 bone)

Left dome of diaphragm, right dome of diaphragm, central tendon, vertebra

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Right dome of diaphragm, Costodiaphragmatic recess

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The blue is expiration maximum, the pink inspiration maximum

The amount of air you can inhale and exhale

Diaphragm innervation

Phrenic nerve

Where does the phrenic nerve originate from

C3, C4, C5

Pleural cavity

space between parietal pleura (superficial) and visceral pleura (deep) containing serous fluid

Coelom

The body cavity within the trunk that contains and surrounds the internal organs

Coelomic sacs

Fluid-filled sacs within the coelom that surround and protect internal organs

Pleura (visceral and parietal)

Visceral pleura covers the lungs; parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity

Pleural cavity (normal and collapsed lung)

Potential space between pleurae; normally minimal, but expands when the lung collapses.

Costodiaphragmatic recess

Potential space between the costal and diaphragmatic pleura where the lungs expand during deep inspiration.

Apex

Superior tip of the lung

Horizontal fissure

Separates the superior and middle lobes of the right lung

Oblique fissure

Separates the lower lobe from the upper lobe; also separates the lower lobe from the middle lobe on the right

Hilum (root)

Area where bronchi, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics enter and leave the lung

Label the lines and Upper and Lower lobe

Apex, Upper Lobe, Lower Lobe, Middle Lobe, Oblique Fissures, Apex, Horizontal Fissure

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Hilum (root) of the lungs

Area where bronchi, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics enter and leave the lungs.

Trachea and hilum (root) of the lungs

The trachea carries air to the bronchi; the hilum is where bronchi, vessels, nerves, and lymphatics enter and leave the lungs

Bronchopulmonary units

Functional lung regions supplied by a segmental bronchus and its accompanying blood vessels

Bronchopulmonary units

Lung regions organized by the airway branching pattern: main bronchus → lobar bronchus → tertiary/segmental bronchus → bronchioles → respiratory bronchioles

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Serous fluid

Attracts visceral and parietal pleurae and reduces friction between them

Diaphragm Contraction

Pulls the central tendon down, expanding the pleural cavity and creating negative pressure

Rib elevation

Lifts and expands the ribs, increasing thoracic volume

Lung filling

Lungs passively expand to fill the space created by thoracic expansion

Vertical changes during inspiration and expiration

Inspiration: diaphragm moves down, increasing thoracic volume; expiration: diaphragm moves up, decreasing thoracic volume

Rib cage movement during inspiration

The rib cage increases thoracic volume in three dimensions: vertical, anteroposterior, and transverse

Forced respiration

Breathing that uses additional muscles to actively increase or decrease thoracic volume beyond normal quiet breathing

Pneumothorax

Air enters the pleural cavity, causing the lung to collapse

Label the heart

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Superior mediastinum, Pleural cavities and lungs, Inferior mediastinum, Diahphragm

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Pericardium

Double-layered sac surrounding the heart; protects the heart and reduces friction as it beats

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Heart: Blood flow, right atrium & ventricle

Right atrium → right ventricle - Deoxygenated blood enters through the right atrium from the venae cavae → passes through the tricuspid valve → enters the right ventricle

Pulmonary vessels

Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs; pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to the left atrium

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Left atrium and ventricle blood flow

Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary veins → passes through the mitral valve → enters the left ventricle → leaves through the aortic valve into the aorta.

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Heart conduction

SA node starts the heartbeat → AV node delays it → AV bundle → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers spread the signal through the ventricles.

Diastole vs Systole

Diastole: heart chambers relax and fill with blood. Systole: chambers contract and pump blood out

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Veins circulation beyond the heart

Veins return blood from body tissues back to the heart; valves prevent backflow and skeletal muscles help push blood forward

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What is the yellow circle

Thoracic Duct

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What nerves are these

Phrenic and Vagus nerves

Intercostal neurovascular bundle

Runs along the inferior border of each rib in the costal groove; arranged VAN: Vein, Artery, Nerve

Sympathetic trunk

A chain of sympathetic nerves alongside the vertebral column that carries autonomic signals to organs, blood vessels, and glands

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Partial pneumothorax

Air enters the pleural cavity, separating the pleural layers and reducing lung expansion, causing partial lung collapse