Ch5: Cardiovascular System

angi/o

blood or lymph vessel

aort/o

aorta

arteri/o

artery

ather/o

plaque, fatty substance

brady-

slow

cardi/o

heart

-crasia

a mixture or blending

-emia

blood, blood condition

erythr/o

red

hem/o, hemat/o

blood, relating to the blood

leuk/o

white

phleb/o

vein

tachy-

fast, rapid

thromb/o

clot

ven/o

vein

peri-

surrounding

-graphy

process of recording an image

-sclerosis

abnormal hardening

-stenosis

abnormal narrowing

ACE inhibitor

angiotensin-converting enzyme; blocks action of enzyme that causes blood vessels to contract, resulting in hypertension

anemia

lower than normal # of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in blood

aneurysm

localized weak spot/balloon like enlargement of wall of artery.

angina

condition where episodes of chest pain occur due to little blood flow to myocardium.

angioplasty

technique of mechanically widening a narrowed & obstructed blood vessel

anticoagulant

slows coagulation & prevents new cloths from forming

aplastic anemia

characterized by absence of all formed blood elements caused by failure of flood cell production in bone marrow

arrhythmia

loss of normal rhythm of heartbeat.

atherectomy

surgical removal of plaque buildup from interior of artery

atherosclerosis

hardening & narrowing of arteries caused by buildup of cholesterol plaque on interior walls of arteries

atrial fibrillation

when normal rhythmic contractions of atria are replaced by rapid, uncontrolled twitches of muscular heart wall

automated external defibrillator

use by nonprofessionals in emergency when defibrillation is needed.

beta-blocker

reduces workload of heart by slowing rate of heartbeat

bradycardia

abnormally slow resting heart rate

cardiac arrest

heart abruptly stops beating or develops arrhythmia preventing it from pumping blood.

cardiac catheterization

treatment procedure where catheter is passed into vein/artery & then guided into heart

cardiomyopathy

describes all diseases of heart muscle

carotid endarterectomy

surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain.

cholesterol

fatty substance that travels through blood & found all throughout the body.

chronic venous insufficiency

condition where venous circulation is not enough due to partial vein blockage or leakage of venous valves.

coronary artery disease

Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries that reduce blood supply to heart muscle

coronary thrombosis

damage to heart muscle caused by thrombus blocking coronary artery

defibrillation

use of electric shock to restore the heart to normal rhythm in emergency

diuretic

stimulate kidneys to increase secretion of urine (rid body of excess sodium & water)

electrocardiogram

record of electrical activity of myocardium

embolism

sudden blockage of blood vessel by embolus

embolus

foreign objects (blood clot, quantity of air/gas, bit of tissue or tumor) that is circulating in blood

endocarditis

inflammation of inner lining of heart

erythrocytes

mature red blood cells produced by red bone marrow

hemoglobin

Iron-rich protein in red blood cells that carry oxygen from lungs to your body & brings carbon dioxide back

hemolytic anemia

Blood condition where Red blood cells are destroyed faster than bone marrow can make new ones

hemorrhage

loss of large amount of blood in short time

hemostasis

to stop/control bleeding

leukemia

type of cancer characterized by progressive increase in # of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells) found in blood forming tissues, organs, & circulating blood

leukocytes

blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms; white blood cells

leukopenia

low white blood cell count; causes increased risk of infection

megaloblastic anemia

blood disorder characterized by anemia where red blood cells are larger than normal

mitral valve prolapse

abnormal protrusion of heart valve resulting in inability of valve to close property.

myelodysplastic syndrome

type of cancer where there is little production of 1 or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of bone marrow.

myocardial infarction

Heart attack; Occlusion (blockage) of 1 or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup.

orthostatic hypotension

low blood pressure that occurs when standing up & remains lower than normal as long as patient remains standing; postural hypotension

pericardium

double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart

pernicious anemia

caused from lack of protein intrinsic factor (IF) that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from gastrointestinal tract.

phlebitis

inflammation of vein

Raynaud's disease

peripheral arterial occlusive disease where intermittent attacks are triggered by cold temperatures or stress.

sepsis

life threatening infection resulting from bacteria entering bloodstream

sickle cell anemia

genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin resulting in red blood cells that look like sickle-shaped

tachycardia

abnormally rapid resting heart rate

temporal arteritis

giant cell arteritis; caused by inflammation of temporal arteries supplying blood to head & brain.

thallium stress test

imaging test to evaluate how well blood flows through coronary arteries of heart muscle during exercise by injecting thallium into bloodstream

thrombocytopenia

low platelet count; results in bleeding from mucous membranes/skin

thrombolytic

clot-busting drug; causes thrombus to break up

thrombosis

abnormal condition of having thrombus

thrombotic occlusion

Blood vessel is completely or partially blocked by blood clot

thrombus

blood clot attached to interior wall of artery or vein

transfusion reaction

potentially fatal complication of blood transfusion where immune response occurs because patient's blood & donated blood don't match

varicose veins

abnormally swollen veins that occur in superficial veins of legs.

venous thromboembolism

Medical term for a blood clot that forms in a vein

ventricular fibrillation

V-Fib; rapid, irregular, useless contractions of ventricles.

ventricular tachycardia

V-Tach; rapid heartbeat beginning in ventricles

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

heart's natural pacemaker that controls heartbeat rhythm

Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)

controls electrical signals passing from top to bottom of heart chambers.

Bundle of His

nerve fibers that send electrical impulses to heart's ventricles

Purkinje Fibers

special muscle fibers that trigger ventricles to contract & pump blood

Right Atrium & Right Ventricle

heart chambers on the right side that receive oxygen poor blood & pump it to the lungs

Left Atrium & Left Ventricle

heart chambers on the left side that receive oxygen rich blood & pump it out to the body

Tricuspid Valve

valve that controls blood flow between right atrium & right ventricle

Coronary Arteries

blood vessels that supply oxygen rich blood directly to hear muscle

Superior & Inferior Vena Cava

large veins that return oxygen poor blood from upper & lower body back to heart

Epicardium

outer protective layer of heart

Endocardium

smooth inner lining of heart's chambers and valves.

Platelets/Thrombocytes

tiny blood cell fragments that help form blood clots to stop bleeding

Neutrophils

most common type of white blood cell; fights off bacterial infections

Basophils

white blood cell involved in allergic reactions & inflammatory response

Eosinophils

white blood cells that combat parasitic infections & allergic reactions

Monocytes

white blood cells that remove dead cells & defend against chronic infections

Arteriosclerosis

hardening & loss of elasticity in walls of arteries

Vasculitis

inflammation of blood vessels

Arteriostenosis

abnormal arrowing of artery

Carotid Artery Stenosis

narrowing of main arteries in neck that supply blood to brain

Hemochromatosis

condition where body absorbs & stores too much iron