Anthro101 first exam

5 key primate qualities

dexterity, eyesight, infant dependance, social, big brains

where do primates live

new world primates live in the americas, old world primarily live throughout africa and asia.

where do apes live

mainly live only in africa, some live in asia.

Old world vs new world monkeys, streppsirhines vs haplorines

Strep. are lemurs and lorises, they have smaller brain size and brain to body ratio, large portion of brain dedicated to smell, they are arboreal so they live in trees, and are also nocturnal.

Haplories are both new world and old world, and tarsiers. They have a larger brain to body ratio, they have a large part of their brain dedicated to vision, and are also arboreal, but are terrestrial.

Nocturnal vs diurnal

Noctural is like awake during the night and diurnal is usually active during the day.

New world vs Old world monkeys

New live in the americas and are smaller and they are arboreal. Old world monkeys are in Asia and Africa and are larger, and are usually diurnal

Homologies

These are traits that are similar due to shared ansestory. Like 5 fingers and stuff.

Analogous traits

These are traits that are similar not because they come from a similar ancestor but because evolution is convergent. Like wings, bipedalism, and swimming shape for fish.

Convergent evolution

Convergent evolution is the idea that different species evolve to have similar traits because like its so beneficial. typically for animals in similar environments.

describe chimpanzee territoriality, “conquest”

THey live in smaller groups that are very territorial and violent to outsiders, male generally hold power with a heirachial societty. In class we looked at an example of the chimpanzees expanding their territory through violence.

Benobos

They are much more peaceful in relation to the chimpanzees, they have sex to reduce conflicts, and in their society females hold power.

braichiation

This is just like swinging from trees

knuckle walking

its in the name

bipedalism

walking normally

What are the greek words that make up anthropology

anthropos -humankind, logos, study

Anthropology is both holistic and comparitve

the entire context of human history, we compare things in anthro

juane quick

She has a painting where basically she only shows the names of the states with native names, which is a really good example of defamiliarization.

familiarization and defamiliarization

Want to make the strange familiar, make the familiar strange.

juxtaposition

putting two things in contast.

4 subfields of anthropology

biological, archeoloical, sociocultural, liguistic

what makes humans unique? (3)

Culture and the way that we share society. The ability to aqcuire knowledge from others, traditions and behaviors are also unique to humans. One example is understanding others.

Cosmopolitan distribution

Like animals that can be found anywhere, humans have this, primates do not, but we find that blue whales and house mice are examples of it.

Sarah Blaffer hrdy -ultra social behaviors.

We can get annoyed with people, but we like accept their behavior and understand them. This is uniquely human. This ability to connect with others in this way is innate. She says that we have the ability to connect with people we don’t know and can work as a team with anybody, for example, clapping patterns at a basketball game. Shrek rave also is an example of people coming together over a thing where they don’t really know each other.

Zhiang qian, herodotus, ibn battuta, what do they have in common

Z was a chinese diplomat who created accounts of the people he met, herodotus was a greek traveler who wrote about the cultural backrounds of the places he went, ibn was a traveler who created a accounts of his journeys. They are examples of early ethnography, this is writing about people and spending time in fieldwork to understand them.

anthropology as a discipline starts…

during the age of enlightenment in europe

how did colonialism affect early anthropology

they used anthropology to justify their colonialism, and this led to ideas like white mans burden.

19th century anthro vs contemporary.

well, 19th century was a bunch of armchair dudes just saying stuff that was not based off of fieldwork at all, they believed that their own culture is the best, and didn’t even consider that this would be wrong (immutable laws). Now, we find that anthropologists are doing much more direct work where they are actually inside communities. they want to appreciate humanity and are more driven by the idea of cultural relativism. also in the 19th century they extracted stuff, think of british museum.

vampire example and argument. *

there is not one kind of a vampire, why? culture. Notice that with senora de cao, she is wearing a gold headress, and the narrators called it a crown at some point, which is a very western term. From this example he argues that culture is intigrated into our daily lives.

what are the 7 basic elements of culture?

learned, shared, symbols(sometimes without meaning or arbitrarily), dynamic (lawlike), shapes everyones lives , gives people a way of doing something they feel is right, integrated with daily experience(cultures are like spiderwebs, they are patterned and interconnected).

Cultural universals, generalities, and particularities.

Universals exist in all cultures, particularities are unique to a culture, and generalities are like remembering when you are born.

ethnocentrism vs cultural relativism *

Ethnocentrism is like thinking your culture is the best, where culrual relativism is attempting to understnad and appreciate other peoples culture. There is no wrong way to bury someone.

qualitative methods

means like looking at qualities rather than numbers. “indepth and detailed description”.

what is anthro fieldwork and what makes it different.

It is longterm immersion into a community where the researcher studies the specific community and has the interviews with members of the community. It is extremeley long and immersive.

what is participant observation

taking part in the communities lifes, actively participating not just watching, paying attention to the mundane/everyday life, reliance on your senses. To build rapport you should genuinely interact not just for your research question.

what are semi structured interviews?

when you interview people you dont want fixed questions, you want a genuine back and forth conversation where you are intending to gather data, not collect answers narrowly. You can audio record too

Emic vs etic perspective

emic is like how an insider would describe it, etic is how an outsider would describe it.

what is thick description and its 3 components.

Its like a super good description, its needs relevant detail, emic perspective, and etic persepctive. The detail needs to be rich enough that we can go back to it and understand well what went on. Think about winking vs twitching, we basically need enough detail where we can understand the context that if the narrator said that someone blinked, we would know whether it was a twitch or a wink.

why are ethics important in antho

Ethics are important as anthropologists commonly interact with marginalized groups, so it is important they do no harm to the interloceters, take responsibilty for thier own work, and share their findings honestly.

tuskegee syphilus and stanford prison experiemnt

the ts was basically they tricked black men into being test subjects for syppalus, and most of them never got treatment. The stanford prison experiemnt was basically they divided test subjects into guards and prisoners, and it ended badly for mental health.

what is informed consent?

telling your interlockers all of your intentions, letting them know the risks and benefits, and they actually have to consent. It is supposed to be a collaborative partnership, so like give them results and talk them through what you are going to do.

What is the difference between species and population

members of the same species need to be able to reproduce, while a population is just a cluster of individuals of the same population that are in the same geographical region

Everything about the great chain of being

It is the idea that all forms of life are ranked, and humans are at the top. It included the idea that there is perfect human or animal for each species, and every thing kinda slightly varies off of that(fixity). Europeans used this to justify racism and slavery by putting other races below the europeans on the latter. Evolution disproved this as it shows that specices are not fixed, and we change over time.

def for evolution

change inherited over many generations that is due to genetic mutations.

phenotype vs genotype

phenotype are observable traits of an organisn, genotype are the actual genetic component of an organism.

charles darwin, Alfred russel wallace

scientists that came up with the idea of natural selection and evolution

adaptation

the development of a trait that helps an organism survive and produce.

genetics, modern synthesis, and how it changed the understandings of evolution

the modern synthesis says that 4 things contribute to evolution, mutation, natural selection, gene flow, and gene drift. Basically darwin had trouble coming up with what was the cause for evolution, but we eventually found that genetics were a perfect missing piece.

genes vs alleles

Look at genes like the code for a string of DNA, where alleles are variants of a given gene: tt, Tt, TT…

what are the genetic mechanisms of evolution (hint modern synthesis)

so we have gene drift, gene flow, mutations, and natural selection

what is a balanced polymorphism and what are some examples.

Some examples are sickle cell and malaria, like it a mutation that obviouslt has its down sides, but being resistant to malaria is good so its balanced.

what does biocultural mean

the intersection between biological, physchological and cultural processes. The idea is that culture is a cause of natural selection.

what is human genetic uniformity?

All humans contain 99.99% the same genes, Genes do not fall into something you can predict by race,

what does the term human phenotypic variation mean

variation in genes is created by where we live or natural proccesses, not through race. Like skin color was an adaptation.

reasons for variation in skin color (ted talk)

Due to the sun causing melanin, so darker means more protected from the sun. But since we still want vitamin D, it acts as a counterweight to the suns damaging rays.

hair texture

adaptations that help you, for example curly hair has air pockets that allow the brain to cool off while also being thick so it does not take too much heat in.

Racism

“the belif that races are populations of people whose physical differences are linked to cultural differences and that we can judge these heirachical.” It causes health inequalities, wealth inequaliites, like it is bad.

scientific racism

The use of science to reproduce or justtify racial inequalities.

microaggressions.

verbal or behavioral slights that implies derogatory meaning

discimination and prejudice

negative treatment of a person due to a group that they fall under, and prejudice is moreso like unfavorable opinions held about people who are different than you,

what is social darwinism

the idea that the best race will win. europeans used it to justify their conquests everywhere, as they thought that they were the best, and they thought that this is how the game should work.

what are the mothers of gynecology?

The “father” of gynecology decided that he was oging to experiment on enslaved women so that he could try to make sure that they could have babies that would also end up enslaved.

Race definition from golash boza:

the practice of subordinating races believed to be inferior.

3 things that race is not

not ahistorical, not biological, not a cultural universal.

what are sources of solidarity that form ethnic identity.

shared language, customs, beliefs traditions, religions, a collective name, a beleif in common descent, connection to a place.

rome and tenotchitlan origin stories.

The roman story is that they came from the god mars and venus, and it wasnt an actual origin story. The tenotchitlan came from the the false story of finding an eagle that clutched a serpent, which is not a real story either. These both go to show that origin stories do not need to be real events.

what is audrey smedleys core argument about race

it cannot be supported by scientific evidence that race is a biological thing. It is a social construct which actually makes it more powerful than if it was biological.

what is social identity, (ascribed vs agency based)

These are positions a person holds in society. Agency based are ones that are in your power like what job you have, while ascribed ones are externally assigned and you don’t have much choice.

what is intersectionality

Like the intersection of identites and how that plays into race, for example.

what is assimilation

when one group adopts the patterns and norms of another group, either voluntarily of forcibly and does not exist as a seperate unit any more

multiculturalism

this is encouraging multiple cultural or ethnic units in society. Instead of a melting pot, think of it as a salad, where we are actually like distinct cultures.

race during jamestown or colonial history

They saw race like ethnicity, like they didnt see white vs black, they literally saw civilized vs uncivilized

Point comfort

This is where the first africans arrived in the english colonies

Angela site

Angela was one of the first african women in the english colonies, and the site is important as it provides artifacts and stuff about how she lived.

indentured servitude vs enslavement

Indentured servants were under contract and slaves were there for life. When indentured servants got unhappy that they were at the bottom of the chain, they made laws to make sure that indentured servents felt like they were superior to enslaved people. Therefore, increasing racialization

Bacons rebellion and its result

Bacons rebellion was when indentured servants and enslaved people rose up together. This led to the laws that made indentured servants feel as they were superior to enslaved people. One of these laws were hereditary slavery, and casual killing act.

Seneca village and I375, and the destruction of black bottom and paradise valley.

These were both places that we mostly black, and racist urban planning programs destroyed them for a park and a highway

what is the birwood wall

This is where land developers put a wall to enforce segregation, so they could get funding for projects. They masked their funding projects for racism.

ozawa and thind

ozawa was where basically a japanese dude who seemed white tried to claim he was white, he was denied and the court said that he is scientificallly not white. Now thind comes along, and he says that he is white because he met their scientific requirements, but the court changed their original definition and said that white should be interpreted as something a common man can distinguish.

FHA and GI bill

The FHA bill was good on paper, but they purposefuly labeled black neighborhoods as hazardous so they would give less funding to these neighborhoods. This meant that it was much harder for black people to acquire houses and therefore get wealth. Even if they did get a house it wouldnt appreciate much as it wasnt in a good spot. The same thing happened with the GI bill, where banks wouldnt lend to black people.

redlining vs blockbusting

Redlining is basically calling a black neighborhood bad and then not loaning out to those areas and investing. Block busting is where real estate agents would claim that black people are moving in, and that white homeowners need to sell quickly usual for much cheaper than what they would sell for normally. Then used it for profit. These both caused rapid segregation. And now people may go through a black neighborhood and be like wow this is bad, but in reality its the fault of white people.

titus kaphar.

He argues that we need to see history from all perspectives. Like for example, teddy roosevelt on a horse and the native american and black person walking, we need to question why that was.

defacto vs dejure

dejure racism are like actual laws, like jim crow. Defacto is discrimination through private actions, like white flight for example or unequal funding.

Alexander reading

defacto segregation has become common, with the idea that politicians have been implying racism in their policies, like target black people with crack laws, which causes mass incarcertaion. Also the massive theme that politicians have been from the start of time making sure to cater just enough to the poor whites so they can make them feel like they are better than black people.

Indian removal act and chinese exclusion act

Andrew jackson just removed the native americans basically. For the chinese exclusion act they just used them as a scapegoat for the bad economy. Both are examples of dejure racism.

the development of race

A long time ago people viewed race as like civilized vs uncivilized, and being black or white did not categorize you in either, it was how you acted. But through colonialism people started to categorize race as the divider between civilized and uncivilized.

mr prejudice

It displays black and white workers breaking the V, which is similar to alexander as we see the poor whites against the black