MAOR102 Final Exam S2 2026

What is Io (ee-oi) in Maori creation narratives?

Io is a supreme being or source of creation in some Maori tradition.

Who are Ranginui and Papatuanuku?

Ranginiu is the sky father and Papatuanuku is the earth mother

What happens during the separation of Ranginui and Papatuanuku?

Their children separate their parents, allowing light to enter the world.

Who is Tane Mahuta?

at Atua associated with forests, trees and in many traditions, the separation of earth and sky.

How does the Ngai Tahu narrative describe the separation of earth and sky?

It is requested by Raki ( the sky father) himself after he is grievously wounded in a battle with Papatuanukus first husband

How were the first humans created according to Ngāi Tahu traditions?

The first humans were created by the atua (deity) Tāne using the soil of Hawaiki, a mythical homeland.

- Tiki-auaha (The First Man): Tāne first created a male human named Tiki-auaha. He fashioned Tiki-auaha's body using the earth or soil taken from Hawaiki.

- Io-Wahine (The First Woman): Following this, Tāne created a female partner named Io-Wahine to accompany him.

What are the roles of different atua in the Te Arawa separation narrative?

Each atua plays a distinct role in this conflict:

- Tānemahuta: He manages to invert his body and push his parents apart using his legs, becoming the atua of the forest and all that dwells within.

- Tūmatauenga (Tū): He fights alone to seek utu (revenge/compensation) and-in the Te Arawa tradition-seeks to kill or fight his parents during the separation, eventually fighting and consuming his brothers for failing to support him.

- Tāwhirimātea: Out of aroha for his parents, he opposes the separation, allies with his father Ranginui, and unleashes fierce winds and storms against his brothers.

- Ranginui and Papatūānuku: The primordial sky father and earth mother who are locked in a tight embrace, trapping their children in darkness until the separation occurs.

What is tikanga Māori?

Tikanga Maori is Maori customs, values, principles and correct ways of doing things.

What is Whakapapa?

Whakapapa is genealogy and the relationships connecting people, ancestors, places and the natural world.

What is whanaungatanga?

Whanaungatanga is relationships, kinship, belonging and responsibilities to others.

What is manaakitanga

Manaakitanga is showing care, hospitality, generosity and respect towards others.

What is aroha?

Love, compassion, empathy and care.

What is tapu?

A state of sacredness or restriction that requires appropriate respect and behaviour.

What is Noa?

A state of being free from tapu restrictions

What is mauri?

Mauri is the life principle or vital essence present in people, places and other things.

What is wairua?

The spiritual dimesntion or spirit of a person or being

What is utu?

Reciprocity and restoring balance in relationships, including through repayment or response to an action.

What is mana?

Authority, prestige, influence ad spirtual power.

What is mana atua?

Mana derived from atua or spiritual sources

What is mana tupuna?

Mana inherited through ancestors and whakapapa

What is mana tangata?

Mana associated with personal qualities, achievements and recognition by others.

What is mana whenua?

Authority and customary relationships associated with ancestral land and territory.

Whakapaparanga

Kinship and leadership

What is a waka?

An ancestral canoe or migration tradition connecting descendant groups through shared origins.

What is an iwi?

A large descent group or tribe, generally comprising related hapū.

What is a hapū?

A kinship group within an iwi, historically a central unit of social and political organisation.

What is a whānau?

A family or extended family group.

What is a rangatira?

A chief or leader who exercises authority and responsibilities within a community.

What is an ariki?

A leader of particularly high hereditary rank or senior chiefly status.

What is a kaumātua?

A respected elder who provides knowledge, advice and cultural guidance.

What is a tohunga?

A specialist or expert, often in spiritual, healing, ritual or other traditional knowledge.

What does teina or tēina mean?

A younger sibling of the same gender, or a junior relative or group in a kinship relationship.

What does tuakana or tuākana mean?

An older sibling of the same gender, or a senior relative or group.

What does tuahine mean?

Sister of a male speaker.

What does tungāne mean?

Brother of a female speaker.

What does matua or pāpā mean?

Father or male parent.

What does whaea or māmā mean?

Mother or female parent.

What does mātua mean?

Parents or the plural of matua

What does tūpuna mean?

Ancestors or grandparents.

What does tiaki mean?

To care for, guard, protect or look after.

What is kaitiakitanga?

Guardianship and the responsibility to care for and protect people, places, resources and relationships.

Is kaitiakitanga only about environmental protection?

No. It can also involve protecting cultural knowledge, heritage, communities and future generations.

What are the two meanings of whenua?

Land and placenta.

Why is whenua significant in Māori society?

It represents ancestral belonging, identity, connection to land and relationships across generations.

What is tuku whenua?

The customary allocation or gifting of rights to use or occupy land, subject to the conditions and relationships involved.

What was the role of a rangatira on a waka?

To provide leadership, make decisions and guide the group.

What was the role of a tohunga on a waka?

To provide specialised knowledge, including ritual and spiritual guidance.

What is Hawaiki?

The ancestral homeland or homelands referred to in Māori migration and origin traditions, also associated with spiritual origins and destinations.

Who were the leaders associated with Te Arawa waka?

Tamatekapua is commonly identified as a principal leader, with Ngātoroirangi as a significant tohunga.

What is the Tūwhenua waka known for?

a great ocean-going voyaging canoe from Māori tradition that is uniquely known for experiencing leprosy among its crew during its migration voyage from Hawaiki to New Zealand

- Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by the slow-growing bacteria

What is a marae?

A communal and ceremonial place where Māori gather for cultural, social and important community events.

What is a wharenui?

The meeting house, often representing an ancestor and the community's whakapapa.

What is the marae ātea?

The open ceremonial space in front of the wharenui where formal encounters and speeches commonly occur.

What is a wharekai?

A dining hall where food is prepared, served or shared.

What is the purpose of a marae?

To maintain tikanga, relationships, identity, cultural practices and community connections.

Which atua are associated with the marae's different spaces?

The ātea is commonly associated with Tūmatauenga and the wharenui with Rongo, although traditions vary.

What is the difference between the ātea and the ahu?

The ātea is the ceremonial forecourt. An ahu is a raised or designated sacred place, often associated with ritual or offerings. Check the lecture's specific comparison.

What is a pan-tribal marae?

A marae serving people from multiple iwi, often providing cultural connection for Māori living away from ancestral lands.

What is a pōwhiri?

A formal Māori welcoming ceremony that establishes relationships between hosts and visitors.

Who are tangata whenua?

The people of the land who host and welcome visitors.

Who are manuhiri?

Visitors or guests being welcomed.

What is a wero?

A ceremonial challenge that may occur during a formal welcome.

What is a karanga?

A ceremonial call, commonly performed by women, that begins the formal encounter.

What is a whaikōrero?

Formal oratory delivered during the welcoming ceremony.

What is a waiata tautoko?

A supporting song performed after a speech.

What is a koha?

A gift or contribution presented by visitors to acknowledge the hosts.

What is a hongi?

A traditional greeting involving the pressing together of noses.

What is the purpose of sharing kai after a pōwhiri?

To strengthen relationships and help transition participants from the formal tapu setting to noa.

Why are pōwhiri usually held on the marae ātea?

It is the designated space for formal encounters between tangata whenua and manuhiri.

What does waewae tapu mean?

A first-time visitor, particularly someone who has not previously been formally welcomed onto that marae.

What is tangihanga?

Māori mourning and funeral practices that honour the deceased and support their whānau.

What is a tūpāpaku?

The body of the deceased person.

What commonly happens during tangihanga?

Whānau and visitors gather, mourn, give speeches, sing, share memories and support one another before burial or cremation.

Who is Hine-nui-te-pō?

An atua associated with death and the realm of the dead.

What is Māui's connection to death?

In a well-known narrative, Māui attempts to overcome death by entering Hine-nui-te-pō but is killed, leaving mortality as part of human life.

What is Pōhutukawa's significance in traditions about death?

A pōhutukawa at Te Rerenga Wairua is associated with the departure of spirits on their journey to the ancestral homeland.

What is the role of the grieving whānau?

To mourn and honour the deceased, receive support, and fulfil customary responsibilities associated with the tangihanga.

Where was the first Church Missionary Society mission station established in New Zealand?

Rangihoua Bay, Bay of Islands, in 1814.

Who established the first Church Missionary Society mission station?

Samuel Marsden initiated the mission, with Thomas Kendall, William Hall and John King among the first resident missionaries.

What Māori terms were used for Europeans?

Pākehā and tauiwi are two terms; their meanings and uses vary by context.

What were Europeans who became part of Māori communities called?

Pākehā Māori.

When did the first shore-based whaling stations begin in New Zealand?

The late 1820s, with shore whaling expanding during the 1830s.

Who was appointed British Resident in New Zealand?

James Busby.

When did James Busby arrive as British Resident?

1833

What was HE Whakaputanga?

The 1835 Declaration of Independence, asserting the independence and authority of rangatira.

What was the purpose of Te Tiriti o Waitangi?

To establish a relationship between the British Crown and Māori, addressing governance, chiefly authority and rights. The Māori and English texts differ significantly.

Who translated He Whakaputanga into te reo Māori?

Missionary Henry Williams assisted with the Māori text. Check the lecture for the precise attribution

Who translated the Treaty into te reo Māori?

Henry Williams and his son Edward Williams.

When was Te Tiriti o Waitangi first signed?

6 February 1840.

Where was Te Tiriti first signed?

Waitangi, Bay of Islands.

What was the major finding of the WAI 1040 Stage 1 report?

The Waitangi Tribunal found that the northern rangatira who signed Te Tiriti in February 1840 did not cede sovereignty to the British Crown.

How did the early colonial government finance its administration?

Through revenue sources including customs duties and land sales, with British financial support also important.

What was the Kīngitanga movement?

A movement establishing a Māori kingship to unite iwi, uphold Māori authority and resist land alienation.

Who was the first Māori King?

Pōtatau Te Wherowhero, selected in 1858

Who was the second Māori King?

Tāwhiao, who succeeded Pōtatau in 1860

Why was the Kīngitanga established?

To strengthen Māori unity and political authority amid increasing settler pressure for land and concerns about Crown power.

When was New Zealand's first Parliament elected?

1853, with its first sitting in 1854.

Who could vote in the first parliamentary elections?

Men aged 21 and over who met property qualifications, subject to exclusions.

Why were many Māori excluded from voting?

Voting qualifications were based on individual property ownership, while much Māori land was held under customary communal tenure

What was the Native Land Court?

A court established to determine ownership of Māori customary land and convert it into titles recognised under colonial law.