Intro to Anthro Final

Relative

___ dating allows archaeologists to know if an object is older or younger.

Absolute

___ dating gives an actual calendar date.

Archaeological Culture

Materials that co-occur in space and time

Ethnoarchaeology

Study living peoples for information on relationship between behavior and archaeological record of that behavior.

Experimental Archaeology

Controlled conditions for examining relationships between cause (behavior) and effect (material output)

Inference

Written records and illustrations are sources of ___

Pompeii Premise

The assumption that what we find in the ground represents exactly how people in the past left it.

static

The archaeological record is not ___.

Post-depositional processes

___ influence what is preserved in the ground, and how.

Geological Impacts

___ are forms of post-depositional processes that include chemical weathering, sediment deposition and erosion, sea level change, and catastrophic events

Bioturbation

___ is a post-depositional process that includes aerobic microbes, digging animals, and vegetation

Anthropogenic

___ is a human caused post-depositional process that includes digging, deposition, and recycling.

Discovery

___ occurs as accident or chance, survey, remote sensing (w/o digging s.a. ground penetrating radar), air survey (s.a. LiDAR), underwater survey (s.a. Side Scan Sonar), Excavation and Documentation, Laboratory Analysis, Research, Write ups

Archaeological Record

Archaeologists don't really interview the cultures they study, but instead they study the ___ which is the sum total of all material remains of past human activities.

Material Culture

___ is a generic term referring to things produced by past and present cultures.

Patterns, Processes

Archaeologists are interested in ___ and ___ rather than material culture such as objects or buildings because they want to see how things intersected with other cultural domains and how they got there

Data

The archaeological imagination is constrained by ___ as more is discovered, analyzed, debated, it is incorporated into views of the past.

Anthropology of the past

Archaeology is like ___ ___ ___ ___ because it involves the analysis of material remains left behind by earlier societies.

Material Culture

Archaeology is the study of ___ ___ through time and space.

Time, Space, Form

___, ___, and ___ are the 3 dimensions of archaeology

Survey

___ is locating sites by accident, controlled, or remote sensing

Excavation

___ is digging horizontally and vertically

Sites

___ are a place where past human activity is preserved

Artifact

___ is an object that has been deliberately shaped by human activity.

Ecofact

___ is an organic material deposited through human activity

Feature

___ is a non-portable remnant of past human activity

Preservation

___ normally doesn't allow organic materials to survive unless it is very dry and very cold and anaerobic.

Provenience

Archaeologists document the ___ of artifacts, where they are found, to understand their purpose.

Law of Superpositioning

The idea that artifacts in deeper layers of soil are older than artifacts above is known as ___.

Stratigraphy

___ is a relative dating technique that uses the principle of superposition in which objects in deeper layers were deposited earlier than objects in upper layers.

Seriation

___ is using the change in forms to estimate age.

Frequency

Seriation is plotting the ___ of styles to produce battleship curves; the relative proportion of different styles in an assemblage can then be used as a rough dating mechanism

Radiocarbon

___ is absolute dating that dates the last time something was in equilibrium with the atmosphere.

Luminescence

___ is absolute dating that measures the amount of electrons produced by environmental radiation

Dendrochronology

___ is absolute dating that analyzes the patterns of tree rings.

Australia

Archaeology suggests that humans were in ___ as far back as 40,000 BP. this required open water crossing and this is possible evidence for two sequential colonization events

Lake Mungo

The oldest known use of ochre in a burial and the oldest known example of cremation which is suggested by luminescence which dates back to older than 45 kya, likely 65kya

Genetics

___ suggest one colonization ~50,000 BP with closest relatives in New Guinea and then SE Asia. There was very little evidence for later admixture.

Siberia

There is not much research done in ___, but archaeology identifies people by 27,000 BP but they were likely there earlier. ??? Did they stay during the ice ages?

Beringian Standstill

___ is a possible time for humans in the Americas ~23-15 kya where an entry to region south of ice sheets at 15,000 BP, with some believing it is later than 13,000 BP

Clovis People

The first Americans lived as ___ abour 12-13,000 ya

Monte Verde

___ is the oldest widely accepted site where the likely earliest occupations were coastal. 14,200 cal-BP

Cooper's Ferry Site

___ is a possible 15,000 ya site in idaho with radiocarbon dating to 15-16kya with ancient campfires, butchering sites, and tool debris. Might have been pre-clovis.

Hopewell Culture

100BC-500ad with settlements along rivers in Eastern Woodlands; NOT a singular culture or society and is connected by a complex trade network of exotic materials and objects

Earthworks

Hopewell cultures had ceremonial ___.

Feasting

____ is a major aspect of Hopewell mortuary rituals; there is evidence from middens of animal bones and other food remains found in association with mounds

Maize, Bow and Arrow, Cooler Climate

What are some possible reasons for the Hopewell decline?

Complexities

Hopewell mound sites are not states or even chiefdoms, but might be described as ___.

Ancestors, Social cohesion

Monumental landscapes in Hopewell culture were constructed to venerate ___ and foster ___.

Knowledge

Control over ___ provided certain individuals the opportunity to become powerful in Hopewell culture.

Mississippian

The ___ culture was 1050-1450 AD with subsistence being from maize, beans, and squash; settlements being towns, hamlets, mound centers integrated as polities; ceremonies taking place at platform mound centers and iconography; social organization centered about chiefdoms and ranked social status.

Mesoamerica

The Mississippian Emergence AD 750-1050 was once considered an introduction from ___ because of either population influx or transmission of ideas and certainly tropical cultigens from SW (maize) but little else to recommend wholesale diffusion or migration

American Bottom

The ___ is along the MS river near modern day St. Louis with maize gaining wider use about 750 AD with larger yields with small labor inputs and greater storability; also had a consolidation of population at locations of arable land. The settlement restructured at 900 AD with sites nearest best arable land gaining importance (Cahokia) and an emergent authority with control over access and circulation of utilitarian items and symbols of sacred knowledge

Cahokia

At AD 1050, ___ and its surroundings fundamentally transformed from a small village into a massive ceremonial city and construction of Earthen Platform Mounds, Burial Mounds, Plazas, and Houses

Immigrant famers, pilgrims

Cahokia incorporated thousands of ___ and perhaps even ___.

Red, White, Yellow

Cahokia was normally depicted as green and vegetated, current data suggests that mounds were multi-colored with ___, ___, and ___.

Monks Mound

___ is the largest Earthen Mound in North America and 3rd largest pyramid in the Americas. It is 30 m high with a larger footprint than Khufu's Pyramid and one of the 120 mounds within Cahokia proper and was likely an elite residence or temple structure. Underwent several building cycles and construction ceased sometime between 1250 and 1300 AD.

Pre-Fab Houses

Making of Cahokia entailed the construction of hundreds of ___ houses. This method involved digging trenches into which wooden walls were emplaced. Walls could be constructed and installed rapidly.

Ridge Top Mortuaries

In addition to platforms for elite, Cahokia had several platform mounds with burial mounds atom them called ___

Plazas

Cahokia ground plan incorporates at least 5 ___, these are not simply blank space, but constructed features that likely eclipsed monks mound in terms of labor.

Chunkee

Plazas included ball courts for playing the ___ game and are likely large spectacles, historically linked to both cosmology and gambling and may have been one venue through which food and valued goods were redistributed.

SE Ceremonial Complex

the ___ has the ideology of authority with myths provide "charter" or justification for social ranking with the elite as mediators between commoners and cosmos; was part of triad of Mississippian cults: warfare, mounds, temple statuary; this may have been one of the factors that drew thousands.

Symbols

___ situate action within a particular realm.

Cosmos

Some Gorgets provide models of the ___.

Black Drink

Marine shell vessels were found in many mortuary deposits and were used for brewing and serving ___ made from ilex vomitoria, which has caffeine-rich leaves that can help induce trance like state

Religious

___ authority legitimated through action directly affecting material well-being and was symbolically reinforced through control over exotic goods