sadasd

hunters and gatherers

Small nomadic groups surviving by hunting and gathering

semisedentary societies

Groups settled part-time but moved seasonally

Mississippian culture

Mound-building farming societies in Mississippi River Valley

eastern woodlands

Native cultural region of forests/villages in the East

Algonquian cultures/languages

Indigenous peoples/languages of eastern North America

Iroquoian cultures/languages

Indigenous peoples/languages including Haudenosaunee

Iroquois Confederacy

Alliance of Iroquois nations

Great Lakes

Major inland water region

Great Plains

Grassland region tied to bison/horse culture

Rocky Mountains

Western mountain chain

Great Basin

Arid interior West region

peasants

European rural agricultural laborers

Christianity

Major European religion

Islam

Major world religion with trade networks

Crusades

Religious wars in medieval era

Protestant Reformation

Split from Catholic Church

Counter-Reformation

Catholic revival response

plantation system

Large cash-crop estates using coerced labor

chattel slavery

Hereditary slavery treating people as property

neo-Europes

Settler colonies replicating European society

encomienda

Spanish forced-labor system over Natives

casta system

Spanish colonial racial hierarchy

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of crops/animals/diseases/people

mercantilism

Colonies exist to enrich mother country

joint-stock corporation

Shared-investment colonization company

House of Burgesses

First elected English colonial assembly (VA)

royal colony

Colony controlled directly by king

freeholds

Land owned outright

headright system

Land for importing workers

indentured servitude

Contract labor for passage

toleration

Allowing multiple religions

covenant of works

Salvation tied to good deeds

covenant of grace

Salvation by God’s grace

town meeting

Local direct democracy in New England

Metacom’s War

King Philip’s War

Pueblo Revolt

1680 Native uprising vs Spanish

Bacon’s Rebellion

1676 uprising vs Virginia elites

proprietorship

Colony granted to an individual proprietor

Quakers

Pacifist Protestant group emphasizing equality

Navigation Acts

English trade laws restricting colonies

Dominion of New England

Royal consolidation of New England colonies

Glorious Revolution

1688 English revolution

constitutional monarchy

Monarch limited by Parliament

Second Hundred Years’ War

Long Anglo-French rivalry

tribalization

Native regrouping/identity shifts under pressure

Covenant Chain

Iroquois-English alliance system

South Atlantic System

Rice/indigo plantation economy with slavery

Middle Passage

Transatlantic voyage of enslaved Africans

patronage

Politics based on favors/jobs

salutary neglect

Loose British enforcement pre-1763

competency

Ideal of modest economic independence

coverture

Married women’s legal identity absorbed by husbands

household mode of production

Home-based production by families

tenancy

Renting land rather than owning

squatters

Settlers without legal title

redemptioner

Servant paying passage after arrival

Enlightenment

Reason/science intellectual movement

Pietism

Personal-experience religious movement

natural rights

Inherent rights (life/liberty/property)

deism

Belief in creator who doesn’t intervene

revival

Religious awakening events

Old Lights

Anti-revival clergy

New Lights

Pro-revival supporters

Sugar Act of 1764

Tax/enforcement law raising revenue

Stamp Act of 1765

Direct tax on paper goods

Quartering Act of 1765

Colonies required to support troops

Stamp Act Congress

Intercolonial protest meeting

Sons of Liberty

Patriot protest organization

English common law

Rights tradition based on precedent

Declaratory Act of 1766

Britain claims full authority

Townshend Act of 1767

Taxes on imports

nonimportation movement

Boycott of British goods

committees of correspondence

Communication networks

Tea Act of May 1773

Aid to East India Company tea sales

Coercive Acts

Punitive laws after Tea Party

Continental Congress

Colonial governing meetings

Continental Association

Boycott enforcement agreement

Minutemen

Rapid-response militia

Second Continental Congress

War-time government

Declaration of Independence

1776 break from Britain

Dunmore’s War

Frontier conflict (Virginia)

Battle of Long Island (1776)

Major British victory

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

Major Patriot victory

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

Final decisive victory

Valley Forge

Harsh winter camp

Treaty of Paris of 1783

Peace treaty recognizing U.S.

currency tax

Postwar fiscal pressure

Pennsylvania constitution of 1776

Radically democratic state constitution

mixed government

Balanced system to prevent tyranny

Articles of Confederation

First weak national government

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Territory governance law

Shays’s Rebellion

Debtor uprising

Virginia Plan

Population-based representation proposal

New Jersey Plan

Equal-state representation proposal

Federalists

Supporters of Constitution