SPAU 4308 - Exam 1 Pt. 2

Language Disorders in Children. Marissa_J_Sierra

Infant-caregiver attachment

-specific adults take care of infants basic needs
-uniques system of communication
-caregiver becomes familiar with the way infant expresses wants and needs
-relationship is reciprical

Communication

refers to the sending and receiving of messages ,information, ideas, or feelings.

Language

code in which we make specific symbols stand for something else.

Characteristics of Language

-Has rules and regularities
-Predictable Word Order
-Finite
-once rules are learned and infinite number of messages can be combined
-Language is learned or acquired

speech

oral expression of language

4 components of Speech

respiration, phonation, resonation, articulation

Coded symbols

refer to real things concepts or ideas

Referents

the things the symbols (words) represent

extralinguistic communication

loudness, frowning, using gesture

Paralinguistics

stress, pitch, intonation

nonlinguistics

nonverbal communication, proxemics, kinesics

metalinguistics

ability to use language to communicate or talk about and to analyze language

phoneme

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

phonotactic

phonology

using speech sounds in a sequence within a language to communicate meaning. (Study of speech sounds)

semantics

Involves the vocabulary of a language, words are used to represent items, attributes, concepts or experiences. (meaning or words)

referential meaning

dictionary definition

connotative or emotionally associated meanings

These words are so strong can produce physical response (EX: Snake)

Categorization

Words can trigger associations (cow, sheep,pig are all farm animals)

relational meaning

words that only have meaning when used with other words. (an, if)

figurative meaning

metaphors,similies,idioms

inferential meaning

not stated specifivally but from logical reltionships

syntax

how words are to be sequenced in a utterance and how they are related.

Typical sequence

Subject + verb+ object

Tranformational element

operational rules, sentences can be changed by adding deleting or rearranging words to make new sentences

morphology

Word form and grammatical markers

morpheme

smallest unit of meaning

roots

words that can be divided into smaller units

Affixes

attached to roots to alter meaning

derivational morphemes

affixes that can be added to a morpheme to change its meaning and may change its part of speech

Free vs Bound

Free occurs alone in language
Bound cannot occur by itself

pragmatics

social use of language

Narrative vs Expository

Narrative tell a story
Expository formal for used to inform.

dyadic communication

Taking turns between sender and receiver
both must know same code and rules of language

typically comprehension skills are greater than production

true

Communication Modes

5 of them

auditory-oral system

hearing and speech

Visual Graphics

Reading and Writing

Visual Gesture system

non verbal gesture

Manual communication system

ASL

Augmentive and alternative communication

Tools and devices to help individuals produce or comprehend written or spoken language.

top down theory of reading

interactive theory of reading

The Ear

sensory mechanism that receives sound waves and converts then into neural impules
(Outer middle inner)

Middle and inner ears reach adult size at

20 weeks gestation

Auditory nerve is formed by

24th week of gestation

infants come into the world with

some idea what it sounds like

infants vocal tracts become adult like

over the first 3 years

4 stages of cognitive development (Piaget)

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

preoperational stage

2 to 7 years

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from aboutr 7 to 11 - 12 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 11 to 14-15) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

strong cognitive hypothesis

there are prerequisite cognitive abillites that children need to develop before learning various language skills

weak cognitive hypothesis

cognition counts for many of the childs language abilities but not all of them. Some aspects of language do not come from cognition

local homology model

a specific language ability sometimes emerges first, and in other circumstances a cognitive ability emerges first.

Vygotsky and Luria

they believe inner speech is made up of words, thinking is in terms of language

Egocentric speech (Piaget)

a limitation of young children's communication due to their inability to take the perspective of other people into account

Luria

as children interact with environment they begin to verbalize internally to regulate behavior

information processing

ways in which we deal with incoming stimuli and how to figure it out in our heads

Metacognition

thinking about thinking