ap psychology unit 2

Cognitive Dissonance

Feeling of breaking a rule/moral and then fixing or justifying the action

learning

a change of behavior based on experience

shame

a fear of rejection

why are we afraid of rejection?

rejection = death; humans have a hive mind and need to stick together which was especially true in ancient times

associative learning

brain making connections between behaviors and outcomes

conditioning

unrelated stimuli/behaviors that lead to an outcome/reaction

What is classical conditioning?

a process of learning in which 2 stimuli are repeated and are linked/associated leading to an anticipation of events

what is a stimuli?

anything to do with the 5 senses (touch, sight, hearing, smell, and taste)

What experiment is ivan pavlov known for?

known for experiment that answers the question of “can I train a dog to salivate to the sound of a bell?“

What is an involuntary response?

automatic/natural response

What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

an original, naturally occurring stimulus which normally leads to the involuntary response

What is an unconditioned response (UCR)?

an original, naturally occurring response to the UCS

What is a conditioned stimulus?

when a previously neutral stimulus (NS), through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, begins to cause the same kind of involuntary response

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

the learned response to the conditioned stimulus

What triggers the unconditioned response in classical conditioning?

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

In the classical conditioning boxes what are the two boxes out of the four that are very similar or the same as each other?

unconditioned response and conditioned response

What is the only thing that changes in classical conditioning?

conditioned stimulus

What is acquisition?

connecting the neutral stimulus (NS) to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

extinction

over time weakening of the conditioned stimulus (CS) when not presented with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

discrimination

process of learning to differentiate between stimuli

spontaneous recovery

return of the conditioned response (CR) after a period of time

generalization

response to stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus (CS)

Little Albert Experiment

experiment to see if you can condition a baby to be afraid of a white rat

Who conducted the Little Albert Experiment?

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner

operant conditioning

a process of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcement or diminished if followed by a punishment

What is strengthened in operant conditioning?

more likely to occur

What is diminished in operant conditioning?

less likely to occurr

Who is known for skinner’s box and experimentation of operant conditioning?

B.F. Skinner

What is the Skinner’s Box?

A box that provides the rats inside with either a reward or punishment when they pull a lever

What is positive reinforcement?

the adding of a desirable stimulus

What is negative reinforcement?

the removal of an aversive stimulus

What is positive punishment?

the adding of an aversive stimulus

What is negative punishment?

the removal of a desirable stimulus

positive in operant conditioning

adding something

negative in operant conditioning

taking away something

What is reinforcement in operant conditioning?

increasing behavior

What is punishment in operant conditioning?

decreasing behavior

What is a fixed ratio in operant conditioning?

every so many (reinforcement after the nth behavior)

What is a variable ratio in operant conditioning?

after an unpredictable number (reinforcement after a random number of behaviors)

What is a fixed interval in operant conditioning?

every so often (reinforcement for behavior after a fixed time)

What is a variable interval in operant conditioning?

unpredictably often (reinforcement for behavior after a random amount of time)

what is the most effective schedule of reinforcement?

variable ratio

What is the least effective schedule of reinforcement?

variable interval

What are the schedules of reinforcement in operant conditioning?

fixed/variable ratios/intervals

What is tied directly to the behavior in operant conditioning?

ratio

What is tied to the amount of time passing in operant conditioning?

interval

What is the peak percentage of near misses in variable ratios for operant conditioning to be especially effective?

30%

What is learned helplessness?

passive resignation an animal/person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive stimuli

What is observational learning?

process of learning by watching the behavior of others

What are mirror neurons?

neurons that some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy

Who conducted the Bobo Doll Experiment?

Albert Bandura

What was the purpose of the Bobo Doll Experiment?

to prove monkey see, monkey do and to see if the children will expand on the behaviors further

What was the Bobo Doll Experiment about?

showed a video of a women hitting a bobo doll in different ways then sent children into the same room by themselves with the bobo doll to see if they will do the same thing as the women/expand on the behaviors shown further

What is the Law of Effect?

Rewarded behavior tends to recur

Operant chamber

a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer

What is shaping?

an operant conditioning procedure inw which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer ap

discriminative stimulus

a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

primary reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need

conditoned reinforcer

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

continous reinforcement schedule

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcementinsti

instinctive drift

tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one’s enviroment

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

insight learning

solving problems through sudden insight

modeling

process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

antisocial behavior

negative, destructive, harmful behavior