Chapter 8 HUN

Energy Balance

The concept that energy intake must equal energy expenditure to maintain body weight.

Positive balance: intake > expenditure 3500 kcal in excess = 1 lb body fat stored

Negative balance: intake < expenditure

Hunger

The physiological response to the body's need for food, influenced by nerve signals and chemical messengers; hypothalamus

Satiety vs Satiation

Satiety: The feeling of fullness that prevents the initiation of further eating after a meal.

Satiation: Stop eatingwhen you are no longer hungry during a meal.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The rate at which the body expends energy at rest to maintain basic physiological functions.

Thermogenesis

The process of heat production in organisms, including energy expenditure through physical activity.

BMI (Body Mass Index)

A measure of body fat based on an individual's weight in relation to their height.

Visceral Fat

Fat that is stored around the internal organs; associated with higher health risks.

Android Obesity

A body shape characterized by excess fat in the upper body, often referred to as 'apple-shaped'.

Gynoid Obesity

A body shape characterized by excess fat in the lower body, often referred to as 'pear-shaped'.

Binge Eating Disorder

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food with a lack of control.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss due to extreme dieting practices.

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder marked by binge eating followed by purging to prevent weight gain.

Satiation

The feeling of fullness that signals to the brain to stop eating during a meal.

Adaptive Thermogenesis

The metabolic response of the body to environmental changes, which affects energy expenditure.

Fat Distribution

The pattern of where fat is stored in the body; central obesity is associated with more health risks.

Energy In

The total caloric intake from food consumed.

Energy Out

The total energy expenditure through metabolic processes, physical activity, and digestion.

Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

The energy used by the body to digest, absorb, and metabolize food.

Hydrodensitometry

A method used to assess body fat by measuring body density underwater.

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

A technique to measure body composition by passing a weak electrical current through the body.

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

The amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment.

Central Obesity

A condition where excess fat is stored in the abdominal area, increasing risk for various diseases.

Lean Body Mass

The weight of everything in the body except fat; includes muscles, bones, organs, etc.

Malnutrition

A state of poor nutrition, which can arise from insufficient or excess food intake.

Stress Eating

Eating in response to stress rather than hunger, often influenced by external cues.

Caloric surplus

A condition where caloric intake exceeds energy expenditure, leading to weight gain.

Caloric deficit

A condition where caloric intake is less than energy expenditure, leading to weight loss.

Gender Differences in BMR

Variations in basal metabolic rate due to differences in body composition and hormonal influences between genders.

Physical Activity

Any voluntary movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure.

Food Intake Influences

Factors such as mood, availability of food, sights and smells that can affect eating behavior.

Hypothalamus

A small region of the brain that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, including hunger, thirst, sleep, and body temperature; it influences energy balance through its interaction with other systems.